Tendencias del Third-Party Funding y su futuro en el arbitraje internacional

Tendencias del Third-Party Funding y su futuro en el arbitraje internacional

Contenido principal del artículo

Resumen

En este artículo se estudia el fenómeno de la financiación por terceros en el arbitraje internacional (también conocido como Third-Party Funding o TPF) y se pretende con este entender cómo las tendencias que atraviesa el TPF en la actualidad pueden favorecer su desarrollo por los próximos diez años. Así, tras haber examinado el concepto y la evolución de la figura por medio de una revisión bibliográfica, el escrito analiza el futuro del TPF a partir de tres de sus tendencias más relevantes: i) el crecimiento exponencial en el uso de la figura, ii) la entrada a nuevos mercados en los que esta era poco o nada conocida, y iii) su reciente etapa de regulación. De lo anterior, se concluye que los diez años siguientes del TPF estarán probablemente marcados por su crecimiento constante, ello al no haber signos de desaceleración en su uso y consolidación en nuevos mercados. No obstante, el futuro de la figura parece estar principalmente ligado a su tendencia reguladora, ya que lograría un concepto casi universal del TPF, garantizaría la validez del fenómeno en jurisdicciones donde es prohibido al día de hoy y contribuiría a resolver las críticas existentes en su contra.

Palabras clave:

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Detalles del artículo

Referencias (VER)

Abdel Wahab, M. (2019). Costs in International Arbitration: Navigating Through the Devil’s Sea. En J. Engelmayer y M. Abdel Raouf (eds.), Evolution and Adaptation: The Future of International Arbitration. International Council for Commercial Arbitration & Kluwer Law International (pp. 465-503).

Affaki, B. (2013). A Financing is a Financing is a Financing. En B. Cremades Sanz Pastor y A. Dimolitsa (eds.), Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration. International Chamber of Commerce (pp. 10-15).

alf (s. f.). Code of Conduct. Association of Litigation Funders. https://associationoflitigationfunders.com/code-of-conduct/

Bajaj, G., Yang, E. y Chan, Q. (2020, 11 de junio). Third-party funding in the Asia-Pacific region. Global Arbitration Review. https://globalarbitrationreview.com/chapter/1227826/third-party-funding-in-the-asia-pacific-region

Bao, C. (2017). Third Party Funding in Singapore and Hong Kong: The Next Chapter. Journal of International Arbitration, 34(3): 387-400.

Barrington, L. (2017). Third-Party Funding and the International Arbitrator. En P. Shaughnessy y S. Tung (eds.), The Powers and Duties of an Arbitrator: Liber Amicorum (pp. 15-24). Pierre A. Karrer. Kluwer Law International.

Baumann, A. y Singh, M. (2018). New Forms of Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration: Investing in Case Portfolios and Financing Law Firms. Indian Journal of Arbitration Law, vii(2): 29-44.

Beechey, J. (2019). The Pandora’s Box of Third-Party Funding: Some Practical Suggestions for Arbitrators in Light of Recent Developments. En J. Engelmayer y M. Abdel Raouf (eds.), Evolution and Adaptation: The Future of International Arbitration. International Council for Commercial Arbitration & Kluwer Law International (pp. 558-586).

Bench Nieuwveld, L. y Shannon Sahani, V. (2017). Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration. Kluwer Law International.

Bogart, C. (2013). Overview of Arbitration Finance. En B. Cremades Sanz Pastor y A. Dimolitsa (eds.), Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration. International Chamber of Commerce (pp. 50-56).

Bogart, C. (2017). Third-Party Financing of International Arbitration. b-Arbitra | Belgian Review of Arbitration (2), 315-325.

Bowman, C., Hurford, K. y Khouri, S. (2011). Third party funding in international commercial and treaty arbitration–a panacea or a plague? A discussion of the risks and benefits of third party funding. Transnational Dispute Management (4), 1-15.

Brekoulakis, S. y Von Goeler, J. (2017). The Arbitration Agreement and Arbitrability, It’s all about the Money: The Impact of Third-Party Funding on Costs Awards and Security for Costs in International Arbitration. En Klausegg er, C., Klein, P. et al. (eds.), Austrian Yearbook on International Arbitration. Manz’sche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung; Manz’sche Verlags- und (pp. 1-19).

Brown de Vejar, K. y Baldwin, C. (2019). The Economics of Access: Systemic Imbalances in isds. En J. Engelmayer y M. Abdel Raouf (eds.), Evolution and Adaptation: The Future of International Arbitration. International Council for Commercial Arbitration & Kluwer Law International (pp. 520.557).

Burghetto, M. (2020). Risk Assessment and Third-Party Funding in Investment Arbitration. En K. Fach Gómez (ed.), Private Actors in International Investment Law: Beyond Claimants, Respondents and Arbitrators, European Yearbook of International Economic Law (eyiel) (pp. 81-102). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48393-7_6

Camayo Ortiz, S. (2020). Third-Party Funding y Conflictos de Interés de los Árbitros en el Arbitraje Internacional. Revista Arbitraje Alumni, (1), 80-105.

Cheng-Yee, K., Lespérance, A., MacGrath, D. y Hossain, N. (2020). Third-Party Funding and covid-19. En M. Scherer y N. Bassiri et al. (eds.), International Arbitration and the covid-19 Revolution. Kluwer Law International (pp. 179-190).

Clanchy, J. (2016). Navigating the Waters of Third Party Funding in Arbitration. Arbitration: The International Journal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management, 82(3), 222-232.

Clanchy, J. (2017, 9 de enero). Rigorous steps short of champerty: the Excalibur standard for control by funders. LexisNexis. https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/blog/dispute-resolution/rigorous-steps-short-of-champerty-the-excalibur-standard-for-control-by-funders

Commission, J. (2016, 29 de febrero). How Much Does an icsid Arbitration Cost? A Snapshot of the Last Five Years. Kluwer Arbitration Blog. http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2016/02/29/how-much-does-an-icsid-arbitration-cost-a-snapshot-of-the-last-fiveyears/?doing_wp_cron=1596332421.2208359241485595703125

Cremades, B. (2012). Third Party Litigation Funding: Investing in Arbitration. Spain Arbitration Review | Revista del Club Español del Arbitraje, (3), 155-187.

Cremades Sanz, Pastor B. (2013). Concluding remarks. En B. Cremades Sanz Pastor y A. Dimolitsa (eds.), Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration. International Chamber of Commerce (pp. 153-156).

Darwazeh, N. y Leleu, A. (2016). Disclosure and Security for Costs or How to Address Imbalances Created by Third-Party Funding. Journal of International Arbitration, 33(2), 125-150.

Derains, Y. (2013). Foreword. En B. Cremades Sanz Pastor y A. Dimolitsa (eds.), Third- Party Funding in International Arbitration. International Chamber of Commerce (pp. 5-6).

Dos Santos, C. (2017). Third-party funding in international commercial arbitration: a wolf in sheep’s clothing? asa Bulletin, 35(4), 918-936.

Feler, A. (2015). Soft Law como herramienta de adecuación del Derecho Internacional a las nuevas coyunturas. Lecciones y Ensayos, (95), 281-303.

Fernández Masiá, E. (2016). La financiación por terceros en el arbitraje internacional. Cuadernos de Derecho Transnacional, 8(2), 204-220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2016.3256

Franck, S. (2019). Arbitration Costs: Myths and Realities in Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054434.001.0001

Frignati, V. (2016). Ethical implications of third-party funding in international arbitration. Arbitration International, 32(3), 505-522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiw011

Fuchs, A. y Richman, L. (2020). The Arbitration Agreement and Arbitrability, Third-party Funding in International Arbitration: A Comparative Analysis. En C. Klausegg er y P. Klein et al. (eds.), Austrian Yearbook on International Arbitration 2020. Manz’sche Verlags & Universitätsbuchhandlung (pp. 73-100).

Garino Podestá, J. y Picardo González, S. (2019). Acceso a la justicia, prácticas abusivas y el paraíso de los apostadores: Third Party Funding en la práctica arbitral internacional. Revista de Derecho, 18(35), 39-60.

Geisker, J. y Luff, D. (2019). Australia. En L. Perrin (ed.), The Third Party Litigation Funding Law Review, Law Business Research, United Kingdom (pp. 1-20).

Gitman, L. y Joehnk, M. (2009). Fundamentos de inversiones. Pearson Educación de México. Goldsmith, A. y Melchionda, L. (2012). Third party funding in international arbitration: Everything you ever wanted to know (but were afraid to ask). International Business Law Journal, (1), 53-76.

Güven, B., Lockhart, K. y García, M. (2020). Regulating Third-Party Funding in Investor- State Arbitration Through Reform of icsid and uncitral Arbitration Rules: Holding Global Institutions to Their Development Mandates. En A. Anderson y B. Beaumont (eds.), The Investor-State Dispute Settlement System: Reform, Replace or Status Quo? (pp. 287-318). Kluwer Law International.

Hashu, K. (2016). Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration: Regulating the Treacherous Trajectory. Asian International Arbitration Journal, 12(2), 77-106.

Hendel, C. (2010). Third Party Funding. Spain Arbitration Review | Revista del Club Español del Arbitraje, (9), 67-81.

Henriques, D. (2017). Third-Party Funding: A Protected Investment? Spain Arbitration Review | Revista del Club Español del Arbitraje, (30), 100-140.

Henriques, D. (2019). Arbitrating Disputes “in” Third-Party Funding. Arbitration: The International Journal of Arbitration, Mediation and Dispute Management, 85(2), 169-184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3285723

Hirst, P. y Yeow, M. (2019, 4 de febrero). Comparing Hong Kong Code of Practice for Third Party Funding Arbitration with the Code of Conduct in England & Wales. Kluwer Arbitration Blog. http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2019/02/04/comparinghong-kong-code-of-practice-for-third-party-funding-arbitration-with-the-code-ofconduct-in-england-wales/

Hou, P. (2018). Financing arbitration in mainland China: Hong Kong’s legislation as a model. Arbitration International, 34(4), 593-623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiy029

IBISWORLD (2020, 29 de mayo). Litigation Funding in Australia. ibisworld. https://www.ibisworld.com/au/industry/litigation-funding/5446/

Kalajdzic, J., Cashman, P. y Longmoore, A. (2013). Justice for Profit: A Comparative Analysis of Australian, Canadian and U.S. Third Party Litigation Funding. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 61(1), 93-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5131/AJCL.2012.0017

Kamnani, P. y Kaushal, A. (2019). Regulation of Third Party Funding of Arbitration in India: The Road Not Taken. Indian Journal of Arbitration Law, viii(2), 151-165.

Karl, A. (2020). Investment Arbitration, Security for Costs as a Default in Investment Arbitration: A Workable Protection for States when Third-Party Funders are involved? En C. Klausegg er y P. Klein et al. (eds.), Austrian Yearbook on International Arbitration 2020 (pp. 563-592). Manz’sche Verlags- & Universitätsbuchhandlung.

Kirtley, W. y Wietrzykowski, K. (2013). ‘Should an Arbitral Tribunal Order Security for Costs When an Impecunious Claimant Is Relying upon Third-Party Funding? Journal of International Arbitration, 30(1), 17-30.

Kreindler, R. y Goldsmith, A. (2019). Should Parties Disclose the Existence of a Third- Party Funder? (Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest). En S. Tung y F. Fortese et al. (eds.), Finances in International Arbitration: Liber Amicorum Patricia Shaughnessy (pp. 255-272).

Krug, Z. y Eatock, H. (24 de septiembre de 2018). Snapshot on Litigation Finance in Latin America. Kluwer Arbitration Blog. http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2018/09/24/snapshot-on-litigation-finance-in-latin-america/

Lamm, C. y Hellbeck, E. (2013). Third-Party Funding in Investor-State Arbitration: Introduction and Overview. En B. Cremades Sanz Pastor y A. Dimolitsa (eds.), Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration. International Chamber of Commerce (pp. 101-121).

Lefevre, F., Callens, P. y Croisant, G. (2017). Legality of third-party funding mechanisms under Belgian law. b-Arbitra | Belgian Review of Arbitration (1), 35-65

Lew, J. (2019). Costs in International Arbitration: Can Costs Be Controlled? En S. Tung y F. Fortese et al. (eds.), Finances in International Arbitration: Liber Amicorum Patricia Shaughnessy (pp. 291-298). Kluwer Law International.

Livschitz, T. (2018). Third Party Funding in Arbitration. En M. Arroyo (ed.) Arbitration in Switzerland: The Practitioner’s Guide (Second Edition) (pp. 2615-2632). Kluwer Law International.

Maciel, M. y Villarpando Pérez, A. (2020). Financiación por Terceros en el Arbitraje Internacional: Soluciones prácticas para su intervención. Revista Arbitraje Alumni, (1), 62-80.

Marquais, O. y Grec, A. (2020). Do’s and Dont’s of Regulating Third-Party Litigation Funding: Singapore vs. France. Asian International Arbitration Journal, 16(1), 49-68.

Matray, D. y Van Rompaey, S. (2017). An introduction to third-party funding. b-Arbitra | Belgian Review of Arbitration, (1), 175-194.

Mazzoni, A. (2019). Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration: Views from a Conflictof-Law Perspective and Beyond. En S. Tung y F. Fortese et al. (eds.), Finances in International Arbitration: Liber Amicorum Patricia Shaughnessy. Kluwer Law International (pp. 299-322).

Mereminskaya, E. (2017). Financiamiento de Litigios a Través de Terceros y su Aterrizaje en Chile. Informativo On-Line Centro de Arbitraje y Mediación – cam Santiago, (3), 1-11. http://www.camsantiago.cl/informativo-online/2017/01/

Milburn, R. (2019, 2 de febrero). Enabling Legislation: Check; Code of Practice for Third Party Funders: Check; Third Party Funding for Arbitration in Hong Kong is Ready for Lift Off! Kluwer Arbitration Blog. http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2019/02/02/enabling-legislation-check-code-of-practice-for-third-party-funders-check-third-partyfunding-for-arbitration-in-hong-kong-is-ready-for-lift-off/

Montpetit, E. (2018). British Columbia Amends and Modernizes International Commercial Arbitration Act. adr Institute of Canada. https://adric.ca/adr-perspectives/britishcolumbia-amends-and-modernizes-international-commercial-arbitration-act/

Najar, J. (2013). How to Mitigate Legal and Arbitration Costs: Considerations by a User. En A. Van den Berg (ed.), International Arbitration: The Coming of a New Age? International Council for Commercial Arbitration & Kluwer Law International (pp. 305-320).

Nathan, R., Gómez, R., Mogan, K. y Lee, A. (2020, 18 de agosto). International Arbitration 2020: Malaysia. Chambers and Partners. https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practiceguides/international-arbitration-2020/malaysia

Navarro, S. (2014). Cuestiones relativas al third party funding en arbitraje. Arbitraje: Revista de Arbitraje Comercial y de Inversiones, 7(3), 801-805.

Osmanoglu, B. (2015). Third-Party Funding in International Commercial Arbitration and Arbitrator Conflict of Interest. Journal of International Arbitration, 32(3), 325-350.

Park, W. y Rogers, C. (2015). The Arbitration Agreement and Arbitrability, Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration: The icca Queen-Mary Task Force. En C. Klausegg er y P. Klein et al. (eds.), Austrian Yearbook on International Arbitration 2015. Manz’sche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung; Manz’sche Verlags- und (pp. 113-123).

Pizarro, C. (2017). ¿Tres son multitud? Algunas notas sobre el Third Party Funding y su aplicación en arbitrajes comerciales. Revista Ius et Veritas, (54), 236-243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18800/iusetveritas.201702.012

Popova, I. y Seifert, K. (2020). Gatekeeping, Lawmaking, and Rulemaking: Lessons from Third-Party Funding in Investment Arbitration. En K. Fach Gómez (ed.), Private Actors in International Investment Law: Beyond Claimants, Respondents and Arbitrators, European Yearbook of International Economic Law (eyiel). Springer, pp. 133-155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48393-7_9

Ramesh, S. (2020). Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration: Ownership of the Claim, Consequences for Costs Orders, and Regulation. Arbitration International, 36(2), 275-295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiaa021

Ramírez, C. (2018). Latin America and Third Party Funding: A Growing Phenomenon. Funding in Focus vi: 47-51.

Rogers, J., Fitzgerald, A. y Dowling, C. (2017). Emerging approaches to the regulation of Third-Party funding. International Arbitration Report, (9): 29-31.

Rosenfeld, F. (2016). Security for costs in ICSID arbitration: RSM Production Corporation v St Lucia. Arbitration International, 32(1), 157-166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiv076

Rueda-García, J. (2020). Third-Party Funding and Access to Justice in Investment Arbitration: Security for Costs as a Provisional Measure or a Standalone Procedural Category in the Newest Developments in International Investment Law. En K. Fach Gómez (ed.), Private Actors in International Investment Law: Beyond Claimants, Respondents and Arbitrators, European Yearbook of International Economic Law (EYIEL) (pp. 103-121). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48393-7_7

Scherer, M., Goldsmith, A. y Flèchet, C. (2012). Third party funding in international arbitration in Europe: Part 1–funders’ perspectives. International Business Law Journal, (2): 207-220.

Secomb, M., Wallin, A. y Richmond, G. (2019). Singapore. En L. Perrin (ed.), The Third Party Litigation Funding Law Review, Law Business Research, United Kingdom (pp. 171-182

Seidel, S. (2013). Third-party investing in international arbitration claims to invest or not to invest? A daunting question. En B. Sanz Pastor y A. Dimolitsa (eds.), Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration. International Chamber of Commerce (pp. 16-31).

Shannon Sahani, V. (2013). Recent Developments in Third-Party Funding. Journal of International Arbitration, 30(4), 443-452.

Shannon Sahani, V. (2020). Addressing Financial Access to Justice in Investment Treaty Arbitration. En A. Anderson y B. Beaumont (eds.), The Investor-State Dispute Settlement System: Reform, Replace or Status Quo? Kluwer Law International (pp. 271-286).

Shaw, G. (2017). Third-party funding in investment arbitration: how non-disclosure can cause harm for the sake of profit. Arbitration International, 33(1), 109-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aiw007

Sim, C. (2017). Security for Costs in Investor-State Arbitration. Arbitration International, 33(3), 427-495. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/arbint/aix014

Solas, G. (2019). Third Party Funding: Law, Economics and Policy. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108628723

Steinitz, M. (2011). Whose Claim Is This Anyway? Third Party Litigation Funding. Minnesota Law Review 95(4), 1268-1338.

Stoyanov, M. y Owczarek, O. (2015). Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration: Is it Time for Some Soft Rules? bcdr International Arbitration Review, 2(1), 171-200.

The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (7 de diciembre de 2018) Code of Practice for Third Party Funding of Arbitration issued. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Press Releases. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201812/07/P2018120700601.html

Theoduloz, S. (2019). “Third Party Funding”; su relevancia e influencia actual en el mundo del arbitraje internacional. Revista de Derecho, (20), 159-187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22235/rd.vi20.1850

Veljanovski, C. (2012). Third Party Litigation Funding in Europe. Journal of Law, Economics and Policy, 8(3), 405-450.

Villa, F. (2014). Le financement de contentieux par des tiers (Third Party Funding). Anwalts Revue De L’Avocat, (5), 207-211.

Von Goeler, J. (2016). Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration and its Impact on Procedure. Kluwer Law International.

Walck, R. (2020). A Quantum Expert’s Perspective on Third-Party Funding. En K. Fach Gómez (ed.), Private Actors in International Investment Law: Beyond Claimants, Respondents and Arbitrators, European Yearbook of International Economic Law (eyiel) (pp. 123-131). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48393-7_8

Wheal, R. y Brumpton, P. (2016, 25 de noviembre). Excalibur Litigation: Court of Appeal Confirms that Funders Will Be Put to the Sword. White & Case. https://www.whitecase.com/publications/alert/excalibur-litigation-court-appeal-confirms-funders-will-be-put-sword

Yeoh, D. (2016). Third Party Funding in International Arbitration: A Slippery Slope or Levelling the Playing Field? Journal of International Arbitration, 33(1), 115-122. T3 Lista de documentos citados

Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a Inversiones (2018). Propuesta de Enmiendas a las Reglas del ciadi–Documento de Trabajo. Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a Inversiones. https://icsid.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/WP 1_Amendments_Vol_3_WP -updated-9.17.18.pdf.

Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a Inversiones (2020). Propuesta de Enmiendas a las Reglas del ciadi–Documento de Trabajo número 4. Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a Inversiones. https://icsid.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/amendments/WP _4_Vol_3_Sp.pdf.

Informe del Grupo de Trabajo iii sobre la labor realizada en su 34.º periodo de sesiones (19 de diciembre de 2017). Documento a/cn.9/930/Rev.1. https://undocs.org/en/A/CN .9/930/Rev.1

Informe del Grupo de Trabajo iii sobre la labor realizada en su 35.º periodo de sesiones (14 de mayo de 2018). Documento a/cn.9/935. https://undocs.org/es/A/CN .9/935

Informe del Grupo de Trabajo iii sobre la labor realizada en su 36.º periodo de sesiones (6 de noviembre de 2018). Documento a/cn.9/964. https://undocs.org/en/A/CN .9/964

Informe del Grupo de Trabajo iii sobre la labor realizada en su 37.º periodo de sesiones (9 de abril de 2019). Documento a/cn.9/970. https://undocs.org/en/A/CN .9/970

Informe del Grupo de Trabajo iii sobre la labor realizada en su 38.º periodo de sesiones (23 de octubre de 2019). Documento a/cn.9/1004. https://undocs.org/en/A/CN .9/1004

International Council for Commercial Arbitration & Queen Mary University of London (2018). Report of the icca–Queen Mary Task Force on Third-Party Funding in International Arbitration. International Council for Commercial Arbitration. https://www.arbitrationicca.org/icca-reports-no-4-icca-queen-mary-task-force-report-third-party-funding

Lord Neuberger (2013). From Barretry, Maintenance and Champerty to Litigation. Harbour Litigation Funding First Annual Lecture, Londres, pp. 1-25. https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/speech-130508.pdf

Nota de la Secretaría de la cnudmi sobre las posibles reformas al sistema de solución de controversias entre inversionistas y Estados en materia de financiación de terceros (2 de agosto de 2019). Documento a/cn.9/wg.iii/wp.172. https://undocs.org/en/A/CN .9/ WG.III /WP .172

Queen Mary University of London y PricewaterhouseCoopers (2013). International Arbitration Survey, Corporate choices in International Arbitration: Industry perspectives. Pricewaterhouse Coopers. http://www.arbitration.qmul.ac.uk/media/arbitration/docs/pwc-international-arbitration-study2013.pdf.

Queen Mary University of London y White & Case (2015). International Arbitration Survey: Improvements and Innovations in International Arbitration. White & Case. https://www.whitecase.com/sites/whitecase/files/files/download/publications/qmul-internationalarbitration-survey-2015_0.pdf.

Queen Mary University of London y White & Case (2018). International Arbitration Survey: The Evolution of International Arbitration. White & Case. https://www.whitecase.com/sites/whitecase/files/files/download/publications/qmul-international-arbitrationsurvey-2018-19.pdf

The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (2011). CIARB Costs of International Arbitration Survey 2011. Chartered Institute of Arbitrators. https://www.international-arbitration-attorney.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/CIA rb-Cost-of-International-Arbitration-Survey.pdf

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2013). Recent Developments in Investor-State Dispute Settlement (isds). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/webdiaepcb2013d3_en.pdf

Citado por