El estado desarrollista: independencia, dependencia y la historia del Sur

The developmental state: independence, dependency and the history of the South

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Luis Eslava

Resumen

En este artículo examino la génesis e importancia del estado desarrollista para nuestro estudio del periodo de la descolonización –el cual tuvo lugar desde mediados de los años 1950 hasta la década de 1970– y, de manera más general, para nuestro entendimiento de la historia del orden global. Tomando como punto de partida la historia –mucho más temprana– de la experiencia latinoamericana con el colonialismo europeo, junto con los retos que trajo consigo su independencia, demuestro que el estado desarrollista que surgió gradualmente en la región vino a definir los límites de lo pensable y lo posible para el resto del mundo poscolonial. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo xx, en particular, el estado desarrollista probó ser una bestia muy difícil de domesticar en términos de los intereses de los habitantes del Sur, tanto en Latinoamérica como más allá. Atrincherado en el proyecto de la modernidad, muy cercano a la maquinaria institucional de los poderes coloniales, y dependiente de las economías “avanzadas”, el estado desarrollista prometió mucho, y al mismo tiempo terminó comprometiendo demasiado al Sur Global. Esta es una historia que continúa marcando la vida diaria del Sur, y cada vez más, los nuevos “sures” del Norte Global.

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