La cabeza de Jano en la evolución del ius in bello interno y la cuestión del nuevo ius contra bellum internum
The Head of Jano in the Evolution of Internal ius in bello and the Question of the New Internal ius contra bellum internum
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Kress, K. 2017. La cabeza de Jano en la evolución del ius in bello interno y la cuestión del nuevo ius contra bellum internum. Derecho Penal y Criminología. 38, 104 (dic. 2017), 179–202. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18601/01210483.v38n104.06.
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Desde 1945, la mayoría de los conflictos armados tuvieron lugar entre Estados y rebeldes o entre grupos armados no estatales al interior de Estados frágiles o fallidos. En la actualidad, los dramas en Irak, Siria y en Ucrania nos muestran que la guerra civil es uno de los males más importantes de nuestro tiempo. Reconociendo este hecho, el Derecho del conflicto armado no internacional, en particular desde la primera mitad de los años 90, ha experimentado un desarrollo bastante tormentoso. Este desarrollo legal tiene dos caras como la cabeza de Jano: por un lado, está caracterizado por la humanización del Derecho de los conflictos armados no internacionales. Sin embargo, por otro lado, las reglas que gobiernan las conductas en hostilidades se han cristalizado, y su denominación como ‘humanitaria’ no deja de ser eufemística. Vale la pena preguntar si el desarrollo de la ley de conflictos armados no internacionales debe complementarse con un Derecho contra el conflicto armado no internacional. La controversia presente sobre una política legal acerca del privilegio del combatiente para guerreros no estatales debe desenvolverse bajo esta nueva luz.
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Referencias (VER)
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Claus Kress. “Review of Books”, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 83, 2012
Claus Kress. “Some Reflections on the International Legal Framework Governing Transnational Armed Conflict”, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Vol. 15, 2010.
Claus Kress. “Time for Decision: Some Thoughts on the Immediate Future of the Crime of Aggression: A Reply to Andreas Paulus”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 20, 2009.
Claus Kress. “War Crimes Committed in Non-International Armed Conflict and the Emerging System of International Criminal Justice”, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 30, 2000.
Claus Kress/Leonie von Holtzendorff . “The Kampala Compromise on the Crime of Aggression”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 8, 2010.
Emily Crawford. The Treatment of Combatants and Insurgents under the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
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Frédéric Mégret. “Should Rebels be Amnestied?”, en C. Stahn, J. Easterday and J. Iverson (eds.), Jus Post Bellum. Mapping the Normative Foundations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
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Jeff McMahan. Killing in War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009.
Kenneth Watkin. “Opportunity Lost: Organized Armed Groups and the icrc ‘Direct Participation in Hostilities’ Interpretive Guidance”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 42, 2010.
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Robin Geiss. “Military Necessity: A Fundamental ‘Principle’ Fallen Into Oblivion”, en Hélène Ruiz Fabri, Rüdiger Wolfrum, Jana Gogolin (eds.), Select Proceedings of the European Society of International Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, 2008.
Sandesh Sivakuraman. The Law of International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.
Stefan Barriga/Claus Kress (eds.). The Travaux Préparatoires of the Crime of Aggression, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
The Problem of the Revision of the Law of War”, British Year Book of International Law, Vol. 29, 1952.
Theodor Meron. “The Humanization of Humanitarian Law”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94, 2000.
Thomas Buergenthal. “Human Rights”, en Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Vol. iv, Oxford University Press, 2012.
W. Hays Parks. “Part ix of the icrc ‘Direct Participation Study’: No Mandate, No Expertise, and Legally Incorrect”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 42, 2010.
Yoram Dinstein. The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, 2a ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
Anthony Cullen. The Concept of Non-International Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
Antonio Cassese (ed.). Current Problems of International Law. Essays on U.N. Law and on the Law of Armed Conflict, Dott. A. Giuffrè Editore, Milan, 1975.
Antonio Cassese (ed.). The New Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, Editoriale Scientifica S.r.l., Naples, 1979.
Antonio Cassese. “Should Rebels be Treated as Criminals? Some Modest roposals for Rendering Internal Armed Conflicts Less Inhumane”, en Antonio Cassese (ed.). Realizing Utopia. The Future of International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012.
Auswärtiges Amt/Deutsches Rotes Kreuz/Bundesministerium der Verteidigung (eds), Dokumente zum Humanitären Völkerrecht, 2nd ed., Academia Verlag, Sankt Augustin, 2012.
Ben Saul. ‘Legislating from A Radical The Hague: The UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon Invents an International Crime of Terrorism’, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, 2011.
Christophe Swinarski (ed.). Études et essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la Croix-Rouge en l’honneur de Jean Pictet, icrc/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Geneva/The Hague, 1984.
Claus Kress, “Major Post-Westphalian Shifts and Some Important Neo-Westphalian Hesitations in the State Practice on the International Law on the Use of Force”, Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, Vol. 1, 2014.
Claus Kress. “Review of Books”, British Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 83, 2012
Claus Kress. “Some Reflections on the International Legal Framework Governing Transnational Armed Conflict”, Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Vol. 15, 2010.
Claus Kress. “Time for Decision: Some Thoughts on the Immediate Future of the Crime of Aggression: A Reply to Andreas Paulus”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 20, 2009.
Claus Kress. “War Crimes Committed in Non-International Armed Conflict and the Emerging System of International Criminal Justice”, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Vol. 30, 2000.
Claus Kress/Leonie von Holtzendorff . “The Kampala Compromise on the Crime of Aggression”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 8, 2010.
Emily Crawford. The Treatment of Combatants and Insurgents under the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
Frédéric Mégret. “Civil Disobedience” and International Law: Sketch for a Theoretical Argument”, Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 46, 2010.
Frédéric Mégret. “Should Rebels be Amnestied?”, en C. Stahn, J. Easterday and J. Iverson (eds.), Jus Post Bellum. Mapping the Normative Foundations, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2014.
Jean d’Asprémont y Jérôme de Hemptinne. Droit international humanitaire, Editions A. Pedone, Paris, 2012.
Jean S. Pictet. The Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Commentary: iv Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Geneva, 1958.
Jean-Henry Dunant. Un souvenir de Solférino, Cassel, London, 1947.
Jean-Marie Henckaerts and Louise Doswald-Beck (eds.). Customary International Humanitarian Law, Vol. I: Rules. Vol. II: Practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.
Jeff McMahan. Killing in War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009.
Kenneth Watkin. “Opportunity Lost: Organized Armed Groups and the icrc ‘Direct Participation in Hostilities’ Interpretive Guidance”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 42, 2010.
Lindsay Moir. The Law of Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press, 2002
Mary Ellen O’Connell. “Combatants and Combat Zone”, University of Richmond Law Review, Vol. 43, 2008-2009.
Mary Ellen O’Connell. “Historical Development and Legal Basis”, en Dieter Fleck (ed.), The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013.
Niaz A. Shah. “The Use of Force under Islamic Law”, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 24, 2013.
Nigel Biggar. In Defence of War, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013.
Nils Melzer. “Keeping the Balance Between Military Necessity and Humanity: A Response to Four Critiques of the icrc’s Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 42, 2010.
Noam Lubell y Nathan Derejko. “A Global Battlefied. Drones and the Geographical Scope of Armed Conflict”, Journal of International Criminal Justice, Vol. 11, 2013.
Noam Lub ell. Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Actors, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
Reinhard Merkel. “Die ‘kollaterale’ Tötung von Zivilisten im Krieg. Rechtsethische Grundlagen und Grenzen einer prekären Erlaubnis des humanitären Völkerrechts“, Juristen Zeitung, Vol. 67, 2012.
Robin Geiss. “Military Necessity: A Fundamental ‘Principle’ Fallen Into Oblivion”, en Hélène Ruiz Fabri, Rüdiger Wolfrum, Jana Gogolin (eds.), Select Proceedings of the European Society of International Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, 2008.
Sandesh Sivakuraman. The Law of International Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press, 2012.
Stefan Barriga/Claus Kress (eds.). The Travaux Préparatoires of the Crime of Aggression, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.
The Problem of the Revision of the Law of War”, British Year Book of International Law, Vol. 29, 1952.
Theodor Meron. “The Humanization of Humanitarian Law”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 94, 2000.
Thomas Buergenthal. “Human Rights”, en Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law. Vol. iv, Oxford University Press, 2012.
W. Hays Parks. “Part ix of the icrc ‘Direct Participation Study’: No Mandate, No Expertise, and Legally Incorrect”, New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, Vol. 42, 2010.
Yoram Dinstein. The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, 2a ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
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