Acciones y reacciones: la dinámica de poder en Eurasia entre Estados Unidos y China
Actions and reactions: The power dynamics in Eurasia between the United States and China
Barra lateral del artículo
PDF
FLIP
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El artículo analiza la competencia geopolítica entre Estados Unidos y China en Eurasia, en el contexto del surgimiento de un orden mundial multipolar. El propósito principal es identificar cómo los objetivos geoestratégicos de Estados Unidos impactan en las oportunidades y amenazas para China, y cómo ambos países buscan mantener o consolidar su poder. El enfoque del artículo es cualitativo, basado en un paradigma constructivista. Analiza una muestra de literatura académica china desde el inicio del Pivot to Asia, el quad y la alianza Aukus. El constructivismo permite examinar cómo las interacciones y las interpretaciones sociales configuran la percepción de amenazas y oportunidades. El análisis se organiza bajo el marco foda (fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas), lo que facilita una comprensión estructurada de las percepciones chinas sobre las intenciones estratégicas de Estados Unidos. La investigación concluye que Estados Unidos, al enfrentar un declive relativo en su hegemonía, está tomando medidas activas para contener el ascenso de China, lo que genera un ciclo de competencia estratégica. Por su parte, China ve esta contención como una amenaza a su expansión geoeconómica y geopolítica, especialmente en Eurasia, pero también encuentra oportunidades en el declive de la influencia occidental.
Palabras clave
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Referencias (VER)
An, N., Cai, X. y Zhu, H. (2017). Gaps in Chinese geopolitical research. Political Geography, 59, 136-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.03.004
Biden, J. (2020). Why America must lead again: Rescuing U.S. foreign policy after Trump. Foreign Affairs, 99(2), 64-76. https://www. foreignaf fairs.com/ar ticles/united-states/2020-01-23/why-america-must-lead-again
Brands, H. (2017). Barack Obama and the dilemmas of American grand strategy. The Washington Quarterly, 39(4), 101-125. https://doi.org/10 .1080/0163660X.2016.1261557
Brooks, S. y Wohlforth, W. (2016). America abroad: The United States global role in the 21st century. Oxford University Press.
Brzezinski, Z. (1997). The Grand Chessboard. Basic Books.
Brzezinski, Z. (2012). Strategic vision: America and the crisis of global power. Basic Books.
Chen, X. y Fazilov, F. (2018). Re-centring Central Asia: China’s “New Great Game” in the old Eurasian heartland. Palgrave Communications, 4(71). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599- 018-0125-5
Chowdhury, S. K. y Kafi, A. (2015). The heartland theory of Sir Halford Mackinder: Justification of foreign policy of the United States and Russia in Central Asia. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 1(2), 58-69.
Cooley, A. y Nexon, D. (2020). Exit from hegemony: The unravelling of the American global order. Oxford University Press.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage.
Embajada de China en Costa Rica (2014, julio 10). Los Cinco Principios de Coexistencia Pacífica. http://cr.chineseembassy.org/esp/xwdt/ t1173044.htm
Fettweis, C. (2000). Sir Halford Mackinder, geopolitics, and policymaking in the 21st century. Parameters: The US Army War College Quarterly, 30(2), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.1974
Fettweis, C. (2003). Revisiting Mackinder and Angell: The Obsolescence of Great Power Geopolitics. Comparative Strategy, 22(2), 109-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/01495930390202580
Flint, C. (2017). Introduction to geopolitics. Routledge.
Grygiel, J. J. (2011). Great powers and geopolitical change. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Hao, Y. y De la Rasilla, I. (2021). China and international adjudication – picking up steam? Journal of International Dispute Settlement, 12(4), 637-668. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnlids/idab015
Harper, T. (2017). Towards an Asian Eurasia: Mackinder’s heartland theory and the return of China to Eurasia. Cambridge Journal of Eurasian Studies, 1, 1-27. https://doi. org/10.22261/crzxuw
He, Z. (2022). The role of the United States in Central and Eastern Europe and implications for China cee cooperation. En K. Zakic y A. Mitic (Eds.), Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries in the context of global changes. Institute of International Politics and Economics.
Hu, R. W. (2016). The Chinese response to the US rebalancing strategy: Sino US relations and Washington’s pivot to Asia. En D. W. F. Huang (Ed.), Asia Pacific Countries and the US rebalancing strategy. Palgrave Macmillan.
Huang, W. F. (Ed.) (2016). Asia Pacific Countries and the US rebalancing strategy. Palgrave Macmillan.
Jia, F. y Bennett, M. M. (2018). Chinese infrastructure diplomacy in Russia: The geopolitics of project type, location, and scale. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 59(3-4), 340-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2019.15 71371
Jiang, P. (2023). Geostrategic psychology and the rise of forbearance. Routledge.
Jinping, X. (2018). Xi Jinping: The governance of China. Vol. ii. Foreign Languages Press.
Jinping, X. (2020). Xi Jinping: The governance of China. Vol. iii. Foreign Languages Press.
Jinping, X. (2022). Xi Jinping: The governance of China. Vol. iv. Foreign Languages Press.
Karpovich, O. y Manoilo, A. (2015). Colour revolutions: Techniques in breaking down modern political regimes. Author House.
Klieman, A. (Ed.) (2015). Great Powers and Geopolitics: International Affairs in a Rebalancing World. Springer.
Knutsen, T. (2014). Halford J. Mackinder, geopolitics, and the heartland thesis. The International History Review, 36(5), 835-857. https:// doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2014.941904
Li, Y. (2018). The greater Eurasian partnership and the Belt and Road Initiative: Can the two be linked? Journal of Eurasian Studies, 9(2), 94-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2018.07.004
Liu, Z., Dunford, M. y Liu, W. (2021). Coupling national geopolitical economic strategies and the Belt and Road Initiative: The China Belarus Great Stone Industrial Park. Political Geography, 84, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. polgeo.2020.102296
Liyong, W. y Yongliang, L. (2024). Belt and road construction’s achievement of the past decade and development prospect. Progress, 5(1), 59- 70. https://doi.org/10.5937/napredak5-50322
Löfflmann, G. (2016). The pivot between containment, engagement, and restraint: President Obama’s conflicted grand strategy in Asia. Asian Security, 12(2), 92-110. https://doi.org /10.1080/14799855.2016.1190338
Lonsdale, D. (1999). Information power: Strateg y, geopol it ic s , and the f i f th di-mens ion. The Journa l of St r a t eg i c Studies, 22(2-3), 137-157. https://doi. org/10.1080/01402399908437758
Mackinder, H. J. (1904). The geographical pivot of history. The Geographical Journal, 23(4), 421- 437. https://doi.org/10.2307/1775498
Neuman, D. (2014). Qualitative research in educational communications and technology: A brief introduction to principles and procedures. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 26, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12528-014-9078-x
O’Tuathail, G. (1996). Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. University of Minesota Press.
O’Tuathail, G. (2013). Foreword arguing about geopolitics. En K. Dodds, M. Kuus y J. Sharp (Eds.), The Ashgate Research Compagnion to Critical Geopolitics. Ashgate Publishing.
O’Tuathail, G. (2000). The postmodern geopolitical condition: States, statecraft, and security at the millennium. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 90(1), 166-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00192
Organski, A. F. K. (1958). World politics. Alfred A. Knopf.
Pan, Z. (2014). Silk Road Economic Belt: A Dynamic New Concept for Geopolitics in Central Asia. China International Studies. https://www.ciis.org.cn/english/commentaries/202007/ t20200715_2803.html
Pickering, S. (2017). Understanding Geography and War: Misperceptions, Foundations, and Prospects. Palgrave MacMillan.
Sahakyan, M. (Ed.) (2023). China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace. Routledge.
Sahakyan, M. y Gärtner, H. (Eds.) (2021). China and Eurasia: Rethinking Cooperation and Contradictions in the Era of Changing World Order. Routledge.
Silverman, D. (2020). Interpreting qualitative data. Sage.
Simons, G. (2021). International Relations in the Age of US decline: Orthodoxy of Knowledge and Obstructive Foreign Policy. Russia in Global Affairs. https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/ us-orthodoxy-of-knowledge/
Simons, G. (2022). Inevitable and imminent invasions: The logic behind Western media war stories. Journal of International Analytics, 13(2), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.46272/2587- 8476-2022-13-2-43-58
Singh, A. (2020). Brzezinski and Mackinder theories: Role and inf luence on the political construction of Eurasia. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University: International Relations, 13(4), 527-535. https://doi.org/10.21638/ spbu06.2020.407
Tierney, M. (2016). Beyond the Central Asia pivot. Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 17(1), 5-33.
Wang, J. (2014). Marching westwards: The rebalancing of China’s geostrategy. En B. Shao (Ed.), The World in 2020 According to China: Chinese Foreign Policy Elites Discuss Emerging Trends in International Politics. Brill.
Wang, J. y Zhang, X. (2020). The geopolitics of knowledge circulation: The situated agency of mimicking in/beyond China. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61(6), 740-762. https:// doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1773890
Wijesinghe, D. (2020). Returns to old Eurasian heartland: China’s new strategic game towards Central Asia in 21st century. 13th International Research Conference General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University. http:// ir.kdu.ac.lk/handle/345/2835
Wu, X. y Ji, Y. (2020). The military drivers of China’s belt and road endeavour. China Review, 20(4), 223-244.
Yan, S., Yao, X. y Ma, B. (2022). Chinese transnational corporations in the Ukraine Crisis: Risk perception and mitigation. Transnational Corporations Review, 14(4), 371-381. https:// doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2022.2144082
Yilmaz, S. y Liu, C. (2020). Remaking Eurasia: Belt and Road Initiative and China Russia strategic partnership. Asia Europe Journal, 18, 259-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308- 019-00547-1
Zeng, X. y Zhang, S. (2021). From Asia Pacific to Indo Pacific: The adjustment of American Asia Pacific strategy from the perspective of critical geopolitics. East Asia Affairs, 1(2), 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2737557921500091
Zhang, C., Zhang, M. y Xiao, C. (2022). From traditional infrastructure to new infrastructure: A focus of China’s belt and road initiative diplomacy? Eurasian Geography and Economics, 63(3), 424-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/153 87216.2022.2039740
Zhang, X. y Duchesne, É. (2022). Introduction for the special issue geopolitical risks and transnational corporations: The case of the Ukrainian Crisis. Transnational Corporations Review, 14(4), 333-338. https://doi.org/10.10 80/19186444.2022.2141050
Zhao, S. (2012). Shaping the regional context of China’s rise: How the Obama administration brought back hedge in its engagement with China. Journal of Contemporary China, 21(75), 369-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/10 670564.2011.647428
Zhao, S. (2013). Delicate balance of power in the Asia Pacific: The Obama administration’s strategic rebalance and the transformation of US China relationship. Economic and Political Studies, 1(2), 109-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/20954816.2013.11673862
Zheng, Y. (2021a). Building a community with a shared future for mankind: The new international vision of the Chinese development model. En M. Sahakyan y H. Gärtner (Eds.), China and Eurasia: Rethinking Cooperation and Contradictions in the Era of Changing World Order. Routledge.
Zheng, Y. (2021b). Rediscovering continentalism: The new geographic foundations of Chinese power. International Politics, 58, 188-222. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-019-00206-7
Zhou, Q., He, Z. y Yang, Y. (2020). Energy geopolitics in Central Asia: China’s involvement and responses. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 30(11), 1871-1895. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11442-020-1816-6
Zhou, W. y Esteban, M. (2018). Beyond balancing: China’s approach towards the Belt and Road Initiative. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(112), 487-501. https://doi.org/10.1080/1 0670564.2018.143347
Citado por
