Paradiplomacia en tiempos de desastre en el Caribe: Un análisis de las islas no-soberanas

Paradiplomacy in Times of Disaster in the Caribbean: An Analysis of Non-Independent Islands

Contenido principal del artículo

Resumen

En el Caribe coexisten múltiples configuraciones políticas de territorios no-soberanos ligados a las metrópolis de Francia, Estados Unidos, Países Bajos y el Reino Unido. En el 2017, varios de estos territorios fueron devastados por los huracanes María e Irma. Estos eventos pusieron a prueba sus relaciones con las metrópolis y mostraron que la paradiplomacia tiene un rol fundamental en responder a desastres naturales. Mediante el empleo de la técnica del incidente crítico, esta investigación analiza documentos primarios publicados meses posteriores a los huracanes para analizar la variación en el empleo de la paradiplomacia. Muestra que mientras los territorios americanos no utilizaron redes paradiplomáticas, los territorios británicos, como las Islas Vírgenes, agenciaron una mayor participación internacional. Esto les permitióasegurar fondos y ayuda técnica de distintas organizaciones regionales e internacionales. Estas diferencias entre las experiencias paradiplomáticas, requieren una mayor teorización, en la cual se analice el impacto de las estructuras versus la agencia de los líderes de cada territorio como posible explicación. Este trabajo descubre entonces la necesidad de un análisis histórico-institucional de la evolución de la paradiplomacia caribeña y la paradiplomacia en general.

Palabras clave:

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Detalles del artículo

Referencias (VER)

Aguirre, I. (2009). Making sense of paradiplomacy? An intertextual enquiry about a concept in search. Paradiplomacy in action: The foreign relations of subnational governments, 9(1), 185-209.

Alders, A. A. (2015). Obstacles to ‘good governance’ in the Dutch Caribbean: Colonial- and postcolonial development in Aruba and Sint Maarten (Tesina sin publicar) Utrecht University.

Algemene Rekenkamer. (2018). Focus op de Nederlandse bijdrage aan de wederopbouw van Sint-Maarten (Focus on the Dutch contribution to the reconstruction of Sint Maarten). Disponibleen https://english.rekenkamer.nl/publications/reports/2018/12/13/focus-on-thenetherlands%E2%80%99-contribution-to-thereconstruction-of-sint-maarten

Baldacchino, G. (2006). Innovative development strategies from non-sovereign island jurisdictions? A global review of economic policy and governance practices. World Development, 34(5), 852-867.

Baldacchino, G. (2010). Island enclaves: Offshoring strategies, creative governance, and subnational island jurisdictions. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press.

Balthazar, L. (1999). The Quebec experience: Success or failure? Regional & Federal Studies, 9(1), 153-169.

Bertinelli, L. & Strobl, E. (2013). Quantifying the local economic growth impact of hurricane strikes: An analysis from outer space for the Caribbean. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 52(8), 1688-1697.

Bilgin, P. (2016). How to remedy Eurocentrism in IR? A complement and a challenge for the global transformation. International Theory, 8(3), 492-501.

Bow, F. T. (1951). The Puerto Rican manifesto - The answer to Eastern and Western Collectivism. Remarks. Congressional Record. Proceeding and Debates of the 82nd Congress. First Session, vol. 97, Part 13.

Bright, A. J. (2011). Blood is thicker than water: Amerindian intra-and inter-insular relationships and social organization in the pre-Colonial Windward Islands. Leiden: Sidestone Press.

Buchanan, R. T. (13/09/2017). Theresa May just announced an extra £25 million for hurricane Irma victims. BuzzFeed News. Disponible en https://www.buzzfeed.com/rosebuchanan/theresa-mayjust-announced-an-extra-ps25-million-for

Caribbean Development Bank. (2017). CDB approves funding to restore electricity and build climate resilience in Anguilla. Disponible en https://www.caribank.org/newsroom/news-and-events/cdbapproves-funding-restore-electricity-and-buildclimate-resilience-anguilla

Cassey, A. J. (2014). The location of US States’ Overseas Offices. Review of International Economics, 22(2), 310-325. Disponible en https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12109

Center for Puerto Rican Studies. (03/2018). Puerto Rico post-Maria report [pdf]. Disponible en https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/puerto_rico_post_maria-2018-final.pdf

Clegg, P. (2018). The United Kingdom and its Overseas Territories: No longer a benevolent patron? Small States & Territories, 1(2), 149-168.

Cohn, T. H. & Smith, P. J. (1996). Subnational governments as international actors: Constituent diplomacy in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly, (110), 25-59. https://doi.org/10.14288/bcs.v0i110.1339.

Comisión Europea. (13/12/2017). Solidarity Fund provides initial financial aid for Saint-Martin and Guadeloupe. Disponible en https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/newsroom/news/2017/12/13-12-2017-solidarity-fundprovides-initial-financial-aid-for-saint-martinand-guadeloupe

Conlan, T. J. (2010). From new federalism to devolution: Twenty-five years of intergovernmental reform [eBook edition]. Brookings Institution Press. Constitution of the British Virgin Islands. (2007). [pdf]. Disponible en https://bvi.gov.vg/sites/default/files/constitution.pdf

Constitution of the United States. (s.f.). Disponible en https://www.usconstitution.net/const.txt

Corbin, C. G. (2011). Self-Governance deficits in Caribbean dependency and autonomous models, Overseas Territories Report, 10(2). Recuperado 20/02/2018 de https://www.alainet.org/en/active/45629

Cornago, N. (2018). Paradiplomacy and protodiplomacy. En G. Martel (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of diplomacy (pp. 1-8). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Criekemans, D. (2010). Regional sub-state diplomacy from a comparative perspective: Quebec, Scotland, Bavaria, Catalonia, Wallonia and Flanders. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 5(1- 2), 37-64. https://doi.org/10.1163/187119110X12574289877489

Curtis, S. (Ed.). (2014). The power of cities in international relations. Routledge. Dalton, M. & Schechner, S. (12/09/2017). France carries out massive aid mission in Caribbean. The Wall Street Journal. Disponible en https://www.wsj.com/articles/france-plans-massive-aid-missionfor-st-martin-1505243860

Departamento de Relaciones Extranjeras de Sint Maarten. (2020). Disponible en http://www.sintmaartengov.org/government/AZ/Department-of-Foreign-Relations/Pages/default.aspx

Department of Disaster Management. (25/07/2018). bvi rated in excellent standing on disaster recovery. [Comunicado de Prensa]. Disponible en http://www.bvi.gov.vg/media-centre/bvi-rated-excellent-standing-disaster-recovery

Duchacek, I. D. (1986). International competence of subnational governments: Borderlines and beyond. En O. J. Martinez (Ed.), Across boundaries: Transborder interaction in comparative perspective (pp. 11-28). El Paso, TX: Texas Western Press.

DW News. (24/11/2017). Dutch Saint Martin’s leader quits over Hurricane Irma aid controversy. Disponible en https://p.dw.com/p/2oEYP.

El Nuevo Día. (11/09/2017). Puerto Rico es centro de ayuda para islas vecinas arrasadas por Irma. Disponible en https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/nota/puertoricoescentrodeayudaparaislasvecinasarrasadasporirma-2356832/

El Nuevo Día. (20/06/2018). Muchas casas lucen sin techo al inicio de la temporada de huracanes. Disponible en https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/locales/notas/muchas-casas-lucen-sintecho-

al-inicio-de-la-temporada-de-huracanes/

Garesché, E. D. Z. (2007). Manual práctico para internacionalizar la ciudad: Guía para la acción exterior de los gobiernos locales y la cooperación descentralizada Unión Europea-América Latina [pdf file]. Disponible en https://www.ritimo.org/Manual-practico-para-internacionalizar-ala-ciudad-Guia-para-la-accion

Hintjens, H. & Hodge, D. (2012). The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories: Governing unruliness amidst the extra-territorial EU. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 50(2), 190-225.

Hocking, B. (1993) Localizing foreign policy: Non-central governments and mutilayered Diplomacy. New York: Mcmillan Press.

House of Commons. (31/10/2017). Oral evidence: The UK’s response to Hurricane Irma (International Development Committee HC 487). Disponible en http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/international-development-committee/the-uksresponse-to-hurricane-irma/oral/72706.html

Hsiang, S. & Houser, T. (29/09/2017). Don’t let Puerto Rico fall into an economic abyss. The New York Times. Disponible en https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/29/opinion/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria.html?_r=0

Huijgh, E. (2010). The public diplomacy of federated entities: Examining the Quebec model. En D. Criekemans (Ed.), Regional sub-state diplomacy today (pp. 125-150). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Keohane, R.O. & Nye, J. (1989). Power and interdependence (2nd ed.). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.

Kissinger, H. (1975). A new national partnership. (Discurso del Secretario de Estado Henry A. Kissinger en Los Ángeles, CA. el 24/01/1975.) Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Media Services.

Kincaid, J. (1990). Constituent diplomacy in federal polities and the nation state: Conflict and cooperation. En H. J. Michelmann and P. Soldatos (Eds.), Federalism and international relations: The role of subnational unit. Oxford: Clarendon Press Publication.

Lacascade, J.Y. & Laureano Ortiz, R. (2019). Caribbean climate paradiplomacy of the European Union’s Overseas Regions and Territories: Towards an insertion in region wide cooperation within the context of the EU-Celac partnership. En E. Dubesset & C. Quenan (Eds.), La Caraïbe dans le partenariat stratégique euro-latino-américain UE-Celac. eu-lac Foundation.

Laguardia Martínez, J. (11-12/2017). Los territorios no independientes del Caribe: Notas sobre su actualidad y circunstancia. Revista CariCen 5., 46-62.

Laguardia Martínez, J. (2018). La gobernanza ambiental en el Caribe de la Caricom para la gestión del cambio climático. Entretextos 9 (27), 51-71. Disponible en http://investigacion.politicas.unam.mx/caricen/wp-content/uploads/caricen5/caricen5_2_1.pdf

Lara Pacheco, R. F. (2014). Una tipología para el estudio de la proyección de las ciudades en el medio internacional. En A. B. Rodríguez & Ó. C. Montellano (Eds.), La construcción del futuro: los retos de las ciencias sociales en México. Memorias del 4 Congreso Nacional de Ciencias Sociales (pp. 293-310). Cesmeca.

Lecours, A. (2010). Canadian federalism and foreign relations: Quebec and Alberta. En F. Requejo (Ed.), Foreign policy of constituent units at the beginning of 21st century (pp. 29-41). Institut d’Estudis Autonòmics.

Lecours, A. & Moreno, L. (2003). Paradiplomacy: A nation-building strategy? A reference to theBasque Country. En A. Gagnon, M. Guibernau, & F. Rocher (Eds.), The conditions of diversity in multinational democracies (pp. 267-292). Institute for Research on Public Policy.

Le Monde. (13/09/2017). Irma: Emmanuel Macron promet un mécanisme d’aide financière «d’urgence» pour les sinistrés. Disponible en https://www.lemonde.fr/climat/article/2017/09/13/apressaint-martin-emmanuel-macron-attendu-a-saintbarthelemy_5184989_1652612.html

Lowenthal, A. F. (2009). Global California: rising to the cosmopolitan challenge. Stanford University Press.

Maldonado-Torres, N. (2004). The topology of being and the geopolitics of knowledge: Modernity, empire, coloniality. City, 8(1), 29-56.

Marks, G., Hooghe, L. & Schakel, A. H. (2008). Measuring regional authority. Regional & Federal Studies, 18(2-3), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597560801979464.

Martin, D. (25/09/2017). The hurricane force farce continues: British island received nothing from the foreign aid budget while non-British island received £5 million. Daily Mail. Disponible en https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4915956/British-island-received-foreign-aid-budget.html

McHugh, J. T. (2015). Paradiplomacy, protodiplomacy and the foreign policy aspirations of Quebec and other Canadian provinces. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, 21(3), 238-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/11926422.2015.1031261.

Milani, C. R. S. & Ribeiro, M. C. M. (2011). International relations and the paradiplomacy of Brazilian cities: crafting the concept of local international management. BAR - Brazilian Administration Review, 8(1), 21-36. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-76922011000100003.

Milani, Z. & Villar, F. R. C. (2016). La paradiplomacia de la ciudad. Una estrategia de desarrollo urbano. Revista del clad Reforma y Democracia, (65), 225-242.

Michelmann, H. (2009). Foreign relations in federal countries. McGill-Queen’s Press.

Milken Institute School of Public Health. (2018). Ascertainment of the estimated excess mortality from hurricane María in Puerto Rico. The George Washington University. https://bit.ly/3lmHjW7

Monacolife. (01/01/2018). Gustavia Yacht Club distributes €190,000 of Irma relief fund. Disponible en https://monacolife.net/gustavia-yacht-clubdistributes-e190000-of-irma-relief-fund/

Noticel (11/09/2017). hima and Verdanza in the ‘Eye’ of Puerto Rican kindness and solidarity (video) Disponible en https://www.noticel.com/huracanes/el-tiempo/english/la-calle/weather/20171017/hima-and-verdanza-in-the-eye-of-puerto-ricankindness-and-solidarity-vid/

Office of the Deputy Governor. (12/07/2018). Residents receive training to enhance their state of readiness [Comunicado de Prensa]. Disponible en http://www.bvi.gov.vg/media-centre/residents-receivetraining-enhance-their-state-readiness

Paradinas Zorrilla, R., & Poveda González, M.E. (2019). Momento crucial para Puerto Rico: Una economía desconocida integrada en el mercado estadounidense. Boletín Económico de Ice (3108), 3-18.

Rekenkamer, A. (2018). Focus on the Dutch Contribution to the reconstruction of Sint Maarten [pdf]. Disponible en https://english.rekenkamer.nl/publications/reports/2018/12/13/focus-on-thenetherlands%E2%80%99-contribution-to-thereconstruction-of-sint-maarten

Ramos, A.G. (2016). Islas Migajas: Los países no independientes del Caribe contemporáneo. San Juan, PR: Travesier & Leduc Editores.

Rodríguez Ramos, R. (2010). What is the Caribbean? An archaeological perspective. Journal of Caribbean Archaeology, 3, 19-51.

Sèze, N.; Marchand, A. & Bardy, R. (2012). French overseas territories and the euro. Banque de France: Quarterly Selection of Articles (24), 101-124.

Setzer, J. & Anderton, K. (2019). Subnational leaders and diplomacy. Oxford research encyclopedia: Diplomacy, environment, foreign policy. Disponible en https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.504

Stratford, E. (2003). Flows and boundaries: small island discourses and the challenge of sustainability, community and local environments. Local Environment,

(5), 495-499. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354983032000143653.

Tavares, R. (09/10/2013). Foreign Policy Goes Local: How Globalization Made Sao Paulo into a Diplomatic Power. Foreign Affairs. Disponible enhttps://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/southamerica/2013-10-09/foreign-policy-goes-local.

Tavares, R. (2016). Paradiplomacy: Cities and states as global players. New York: Oxford University Press.

The Anguillian. (23/10/2017). Anguilla to lose millions from closure of Hotels Wants UK aid up to $16.5 million or more. Disponible en http://theanguillian.com/2017/10/anguilla-to-losemillions-from-closure-of-hotels-wants-uk-aidup-to-16-5-million-or-more/

The Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean. (07/01/2019). Hurricanes Irma and Maria: One year on. Disponible en https://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/library/crisis_prevention_and_recovery/hurricanes-irmaand-maria--one-year-on.html

The Guardian. (06/09/2017a). UK government accused of pathetic lack of help for Anguillians hit by Irma. Disponible en https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/06/government-accusedof-disgraceful-lack-of-aid-for-anguillans-hitby-irma

The Guardian. (01/05/2017b). UK releases £32m in Hurricane Irma aid after complaints over initial response. Disponible en https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/07/ukcould-send-furthership-to-overseas-territories-hit-by-hurricane

The Guardian. (22/09/2017c). ‘Close to genocide’: San Juan mayor’s dire appeal to US for Puerto Rico relief. Disponible en https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/29/san-juan-mayor-criticizes-us-officials-for-calling-puerto-rico-reliefeffort-good-news

Semple, K. (07/10/2019). After a Caribbean hurricane, the battle is where, or even whether, to rebuild. The New York Times. Disponible en https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/07/world/americas/hurricane-irma-saint-martin.html

The World Bank. (12/07/2018). First US$55M grant from the Sint Maarten trust fund for recovery & resilience [Comunicado de Prensa]. Disponible en https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/pressrelease/2018/07/12/first-us55m-grant-from-thesint-maarten-trust-fund-for-recovery-resilience

Timm, J. C. (18/07/2019). Fact check: Trump says Puerto Rico got $92 billion. They’ve seen only a fraction. NBC News. Disponible en https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/factcheck-trump-says-puerto-rico-got-92-billionthey-n1031276

United Nations Development Program. (2018). From early recovery to long-term resilience in the Caribbean. Disponible en https://www.bb.undp.org/content/dam/barbados/docs/Publications/undp_bb_undp-Recovery-Programme%202%20oct%20WEB.pdf

United Nations Development Program. (2017). Regional overview: impact of hurricanes Irma and Maria. Disponible en https://www.latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/library/environment_energy/regional-overview--impact-ofhurricanes-irma-and-maria.html

Vadell, A. V. (1992). Las relaciones institucionales entre la Comunidad Autónoma de Cataluña y América Latina. Barcelona Centre for International Affairs Magazine, (23-24), 291-322. https://doi.org/27918

Vélez, R. (04/2019). Las economías de la zona del Caribe en el contexto de la revolución tecnológica. Études Caribéennes 42, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.4000/etudescaribeennes.15177.

Vigevani, T. (2006). Problemas para a atividade internacional das unidades subnacionais: estados e municípios brasileiros. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 21(62), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-69092006000300010

Wall Street Journal. (12/09/2017). France Carries Out Massive Aid Mission in Caribbean. Disponible en https://www.wsj.com/articles/france-plansmassive-aid-mission-for-st-martin-1505243860

Wallerstein I. (1997). Eurocentrism and its avatars: The dilemmas of social science. Sociological Bulletin, 46(1), 21-39.

Zamorano, M. M. & Rodríguez A. M. (2014). The cultural paradiplomacy of Barcelona since the 1980s: Understanding transformations in local cultural paradiplomacy. International Journal of Cultural Policy 21(5), 554-576. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2014.943752

Zapata Garesché, E. D. (2007). Manual práctico para internacionalizar la ciudad: Guía para la acción exterior de los gobiernos locales y la cooperación descentralizada Unión Europea-América Latina, vol. 1. Diputación de Barcelona.

Citado por