De la “crisis de los migrantes” de 2015 a la gobernanza europea de las fronteras: el caso de las políticas de control y gestión de la migración irregular en Grecia
From the 2015 “Migrant Crisis” to European Border Governance: The Case of Irregular Migration Control and Management Policies in Greece
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Como consecuencia de la llamada “crisis de los migrantes”, que alcanzó su punto álgido durante 2015, las fronteras exteriores de la Unión Europea parecen encontrarse en una situación sin precedentes, o al menos histórica. Los flujos migratorios derivados de los diversos conflictos y situaciones de inestabilidad política en Oriente Próximo y Oriente Medio hicieron que cobrara especial relevancia la cuestión del tráfico ilícito de migrantes. Desde 2016, esto se ha manifestado en la creación de nuevas instituciones especializadas, como el European Migrant Smuggling Centre (EMSC), pero también en la intensificación del papel y la participación de Europol y Frontex en este ámbito.
Así, más allá de la escasez de elementos que permitan finalmente objetivar los efectos de estas políticas públicas sobre el control de la migración irregular, sentamos las bases para un análisis de los efectos políticos del control migratorio sobre la acción pública y el modelo de gobernanza que esta vehicula y sustenta.
En esta propuesta argumentamos que dicha “crisis” pone de relieve, de un modo sin precedentes, los vínculos que existen entre las políticas de inmigración y de seguridad, y, al hacerlo, explica la inexistencia de mecanismos de emergencia para la gestión de la migración irregular. En efecto, centrándonos en el caso de Grecia –país emblemáticamente afectado por esta “crisis”– demostraremos que, si bien logran reducir los flujos migratorios irregulares, resultan ineficaces para eliminar las redes de contrabando, y que las políticas de contrabando de migrantes de la Unión Europea revelan la incesante reconfiguración del ejercicio de la soberanía política, al profundizar las lógicas y dinámicas de externalización del control fronterizo. La propuesta se basará en entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas en 2022 y principios de 2023 a actores griegos y europeos de alto nivel de la policía nacional, la guardia costera, Europol y Frontex.
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