An assessment of prominent proposals to amend intellectual property regimes using a human rights framework
An assessment of prominent proposals to amend intellectual property regimes using a human rights framework
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Timmermann, C. 2014. An assessment of prominent proposals to amend intellectual property regimes using a human rights framework. Revista La Propiedad Inmaterial. 18 (nov. 2014), 221–253.
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Nov 5, 2014
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A wide range of proposals to alleviate the negative effects of intellectual property regimes is currently under discussion. This article offers a critical evaluation of six of these proposals: the Health Impact Fund, the Access to Knowledge movement, prize systems, open innovation models, compulsory licenses and South-South collaborations. An assessment on how these proposals target the human rights affected by intellectual property will be provided. The conflicting human rights that will be individually discussed are the rights: to benefit from one’s own scientific work, to benefit from the advancement of science, to participate in scientific enterprises and to self-determination.
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Angell, Marcia. 2004. “Excess in the pharmaceutical industry”. Canadian Medical Association Journal n.º 171 (12): 1451-1453.
Atenas, Javiera, Leo Havemann and Ernesto Priego. 2014. “Opening teaching landscapes: The importance of quality assurance in the delivery of open educational resources”. Open Praxis n.º 6 (1): 29-43.
Beitz, Charles R. 2005. “The Moral Rights of Creators of Artistic and Literary Works”. Journal of Political Philosophy n.º 13 (3): 330-358.
Beitz, Charles R. 2009. The idea of human rights. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Benkler, Yochai. 2002. “Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm”. The Yale Law Journal n.º 112: 369-446.
Birn, Anne-Emanuelle and Joel Lexchin. 2011. “Beyond patents: The gavi Alliance, amcs and improving immunization coverage through public sector vaccine production in the global south”. Human Vaccines n.º 7 (3): 291-292.
Boyle, James. 2008. “The public domain. Enclosing the commons of the mind”. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. thepublicdomain.org.
Cline, William R. 2007. “Global warming and agriculture: impact estimates by country”. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development. http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/14090 (accessed 31 March 2012).
Conde Gutiérrez, Carlos Augusto. 2011. “Copyrights y derechos morales de autor: la experiencia del common law en el Reino Unido”. Revista La Propiedad Inmaterial n.º 15 (November): 19-29.
Correa, Carlos M. 2010. “Access to Knowledge: The Case of Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge”. In Access to Knowledge in the Age of Intellectual Property, edited by Gaëlle Krikorian and Amy Kapczynski, 237-252. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Zone Books.
Cullet, Philippe. 2007. “Human rights and intellectual property protection in the TRIPS era”. Human Rights Quarterly n.º 29 (2): 3-430.
De Schutter, Olivier. 2009. Seed policies and the right to food: enhancing agrobiodiversity and encouraging innovation (Report presented to the UN General Assembly, 64th session, UN doc. A/64/170).
De Schutter, Olivier. 2011. “The right of everyone to enjoy the benefits from scientific progress and the right to food: from conflict to complementarity”. Human Rights Quarterly n.º 33: 304-350.
Derclaye, Estelle. 2012. “Eudemonic intellectual property: patents and related rights as engines of happiness, peace, and sustainability”. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law n.º 14 (3): 495-543.
Dieterlen, Paulette. 2003. La pobreza: un estudio filosófico. México, D.F., Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Donders, Yvonne. 2011. “The right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress: in search of the state obligations in relation to health”. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy n.º 14: 371-381.
Drahos, Peter, and John Braithwaite. 2003. Information feudalism: who owns the knowledge economy? New York: New Press.
Drugs for Neglected Diseases Working Group. 2001. “Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Drugs for Neglected Diseases”. Geneva: Médecins Sans Frontières. [http://www.msf.org/source/access/2001/fatal/fatalshort.pdf]. (accessed 25 July 2012).
Dutfield, Graham. 2006. Protecting traditional knowledge: pathways to the future. In ICTSD Programme on IPRs and Sustainable Development. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
Genugten, Willem van, Anna Meijknecht, Bernard Maister, Casper van Woensel, Bram de Jonge, Godber Tumushabe, Julian Berungi, Niels Louwaars, Grant Napier, Sibongile Gumbi and Tobias Rinke de Wit. 2011. Harnessing Intellectual Property Rights for Development Objectives. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
Gilabert, Pablo. 2009. “The feasibility of basic socioeconomic human rights: a conceptual exploration”. The Philosophical Quarterly n.º 59 (237): 659-681.
Gilabert, Pablo, and Holly lawford-Smith. 2012. “Political feasibility: a conceptual exploration”. Political Studies n.º 60 (4): 809-825.
Gosseries, Axel, and Lukas H. Meyer. 2009. Intergenerational justice. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Gupta, Anil K. 2006. “From sink to source: the Honey Bee Network documents indigenous knowledge and innovations in India”. Innovations (Summer): 49-66.
Gupta, Anil K. 2010. “Grassroots Green Innovations for Inclusive, Sustainable Development”. In The Innovation for Development Report 2009-2010, Strengthening Innovation for the Prosperity of the Nations, edited by Augusto Lopez-Claros, 137-146. Houndmills & New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Hettinger, Edwin C. 1989. “Justifying intellectual property”. Philosophy & Public Affairs n.º 18 (1): 31-52.
Hollis, Aidan, and Thomas W. Pogge. 2008. “The Health Impact Fund: Making New Medicines Accessible for All”. Oslo & New Haven: Incentives for Global Health. [http://www.healthimpactfund.org/HIF_book.pdf]. (accessed 31 March 2012).
Hollis, Aidan and Thomas W. Pogge. 2009. The Health Impact Fund: Making New Medicines Accessible for All. Supplements and Corrections. [http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/igh/files/HIF_supplementsNov09.pdf].
Hope, Janet. 2009. “Open Source Genetics: A Conceptual Framework”. In Gene patents and collaborative licensing models, edited by Geertrui van Overwalle, 171-193. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kapczynski, Amy. 2008. “The Access to Knowledge Mobilization and the New Politics of Intellectual Property”. Yale Law Journal n.º 117 (5): 804-885.
Kloppenburg, Jack. 2010. “Impeding dispossession, enabling repossession: biological open source and the recovery of seed sovereignity”. Journal of Agrarian Change n.º 10 (3): 367-388.
Kloppenburg, Jack. 2014. Re-purposing the master’s tools: the open source seed initiative and the struggle for seed sovereignty. Journal of Peasant Studies. Kloppenburg, Jack and Daniel Lee Kleinman. 1987. “The Plant Germplasm Controversy”. BioScience n.º 37 (3): 190-198.
Koepsell, David. 2010. “Back to basics: how technology and the open source movement can save science”. Social Epistemology n.º 24 (3): 181-190.
Korthals, Michiel, and Cristian Timmermann. 2012. “Reflections on the International Networking Conference “Ethical and Social Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Agrifood and Health, Held in Brussels, September 2011”. Synesis n.º 3: G66-73.
Lawford-Smith, Holly. 2012. “Understanding Political Feasibility”. Journal of Political Philosophy. doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9760.2012.00422.x.
Lea, David. 2008. “The expansion and restructuring of intellectual property and its implications for the developing world”. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice n.º 11: 37-60.
Liddell, Kathleen. 2010. “The Health Impact Fund: a critique”. In Incentives for Global Public Health. Patent Law and Access to Essential Medicines, edited by Thomas W. Pogge, Matthew Rimmer and Kim Rubenstein, 155-180. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
Louwaars, Niels. 2007. Seeds of confusion: the impact of policies on seed systems: PhD thesis, Wageningen Universiteit.
Love, James, and Tim Hubbard. 2007. “The Big Idea: Prizes to Stimulate R&D for New Medicines”. Chicago-Kent Law Review n.º 82 (3): 1519-1554.
Macfarlane, Bruce, and Ming Cheng. 2008. “Communism, Universalism and Disinterestedness: Re-examining Contemporary Support among Academics for Merton’s Scientific Norms”. Journal of Academic Ethics n.º 6 (1): 67-78. doi: 10.1007/s10805-008-9055-y.
Mendel, Joy, and Aidan Hollis. 2010. The Health Impact Fund and traditional medicines. IGH Discussion Paper No. 8, [http://healthimpactfund.org/files/DP8_Mendel_and_Hollis.pdf].
Nicolosi, Guido and Guido Ruivenkamp. 2012. “Re-skilling the Social Practices: Open Source and Life. Towards a Commons-Based Peer Production in Agro-biotechnology?”. Science and engineering ethics. doi: 10.1007/s11948012-9405-4.
Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, state, and Utopia. Malden & Oxford: Blackwell.
Nussbaum, Martha C. 2011. Creating capabilities: Harvard University Press.
OOMS, Gorik. 2010. “Why the West is perceived as being unworthy of cooperation”. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics n.º 38 (3): 594-613.
Pogge, Thomas W. 2000. “The international significance of human rights”. The Journal of Ethics n.º 4 (1/2): 45-69.
Pogge, Thomas W. 2008. World poverty and human rights: cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms. 2nd ed. Cambridge and Malden: Polity.
Pogge, Thomas W. 2010a. “Keynote Address: Poverty, Climate Change, and Overpopulation”. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law n.º 38: 525-542.
Pogge, Thomas W. 2010b. Politics as usual : what lies behind the pro-poor rhetoric. Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity.
Pogge, Thomas W. 2012. “The Health Impact Fund: Enhancing Justice and Efficiency in Global Health”. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities n.º 13 (4): 537-559. doi: 10.1080/19452829.2012.703172.
Pogge, Thomas W. and Mitu Sengupta. 2014. “Rethinking the Post-2015 Development Agenda: Eight Ways to End Poverty Now”. Global Justice: Theory Practice Rhetoric n.º 7: 3-11.
Raustiala, Kal and Stephen R. Munzer. 2007. “The Global Struggle over Geographic Indications”. European Journal of International Law n.º 18 (2): 337-365. doi: 10.1093/ejil/chm016.
Ress, Manon A. 2010. “Open-Access Publishing: From Principles to practice”. In Access to Knowledge in the Age of Intellectual Property, edited by Gaëlle Krikorian and Amy Kapczynski, 475-496, New York: Zone Books.
Shaheed, Farida. 2012. Report of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights. United Nations (A/HRC/20/26).
Shields, Liam. 2012. “The prospects for sufficientarianism”. Utilitas n.º 24 (1): 101-117.
Shue, Henry. 1996. Basic rights: Subsistance, affluence, and U.S. foreign policy. 2nd ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Simon, Herbert A. 2001. “Ubi and the Flat Tax”. In What’s Wrong with a Free Lunch?, edited by Philippe Van Parijs, Joshua Cohen and Joel Rogers, 34-38. Boston: Beacon Press.
Singer, Peter. 1993. Practical Ethics. 2nd ed. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
Singer, Peter. 2004. One world: the ethics of globalization. 2nd ed. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Stephan, Paula E. 2012. How economics shapes science. Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard University Press.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2008. “Economic Foundations of Intellectual Property Rights”. Duke Law Journal n.º 57: 1693-1724.
Strahilevitz, Lior Jacob. 2005. “The right to destroy”. The Yale Law Journal n.º 114: 781-854.
Sunder, Madhavi. 2007. “The invention of traditional knowledge”. Law and Contemporary Problems n.º 70: 97-124.
Thompson, Paul B. 2010. “Is Our Agricultural Technology Innovation System Up to 21st Century Challenges?”. Science Progress n.º 24 (November).
Timmermann, Cristian. 2012. “The Health Impact Fund and the right to participate in the advancement of science”. European Journal of Applied Ethics 1(1) (in press).
Timmermann, Cristian. 2014a. “Limiting and facilitating access to innovations in medicine and agriculture: a brief exposition of the ethical arguments”. Life Sciences, Society and Policy n.º 10: 8.
Timmermann, Cristian. 2014b. “Sharing in or benefiting from scientific advancement?” Science and Engineering Ethics n.º 20 (1): 111-133.
Timmermann, Cristian and Henk van den Belt. 2012a. “Climate change, intellectual property rights and global justice”. In Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Ethical Perspectives on Land Use and Food Production, edited by Thomas potthast and Simon Meisch, 75-79. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Timmermann, Cristian, and Henk van den Belt. 2012b. “Global justice considerations for a proposed “Climate Impact Fund”. Public Reason n.º 4 (1-2): 182-196.
Timmermann, Cristian and Henk van den Belt. 2013. “Intellectual property and global health: from corporate social responsibility to the access to knowledge movement”. Liverpool Law Review n.º 34 (1): 47-73. doi: 10.1007/s10991013-9129-9.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2000. General Comment No. 14: The right to the highest attainable standard of health (article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) Geneva: United Nations Economic and Social Council.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2006. General Comment No. 17: The Right of Everyone to Benefit from the Protection of the Moral and Material Interests Resulting from any Scientific, Literary or Artistic Production of Which He or She is the Author (Art. 15, Para. 1 (c) of the Covenant, E/C.12/GC/17). [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/441543594.html].
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1999. General comment 12. The right to adequate food (article 11) (E/C.12/1999/5). Geneva: United Nations Economic and Social Council. UNESCO. 2009. The Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress and its Applications. Paris: UNESCO.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2012. Global Investment in R&D. UIS Fact Sheet (UIS/FS/2012/22). UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Van Parijs, Philippe. 2012. “What makes a good compromise?”. Government and Opposition n.º 47 (3): 466-480.
Wilson, James. 2010. “Ontology and the regulation of intellectual property”. The Monist n.º 93 (3): 450-463.
Wolff, Jonathan, and Avner de-Shalit. 2007. Disadvantage. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Yu, Peter K. 2007. “Reconceptualizing Intellectual Property Interests in a Human Rights Framework”. University of California Davis Law Review n.º 40: 1039-1149.
Atenas, Javiera, Leo Havemann and Ernesto Priego. 2014. “Opening teaching landscapes: The importance of quality assurance in the delivery of open educational resources”. Open Praxis n.º 6 (1): 29-43.
Beitz, Charles R. 2005. “The Moral Rights of Creators of Artistic and Literary Works”. Journal of Political Philosophy n.º 13 (3): 330-358.
Beitz, Charles R. 2009. The idea of human rights. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Benkler, Yochai. 2002. “Coase’s Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm”. The Yale Law Journal n.º 112: 369-446.
Birn, Anne-Emanuelle and Joel Lexchin. 2011. “Beyond patents: The gavi Alliance, amcs and improving immunization coverage through public sector vaccine production in the global south”. Human Vaccines n.º 7 (3): 291-292.
Boyle, James. 2008. “The public domain. Enclosing the commons of the mind”. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. thepublicdomain.org.
Cline, William R. 2007. “Global warming and agriculture: impact estimates by country”. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development. http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/14090 (accessed 31 March 2012).
Conde Gutiérrez, Carlos Augusto. 2011. “Copyrights y derechos morales de autor: la experiencia del common law en el Reino Unido”. Revista La Propiedad Inmaterial n.º 15 (November): 19-29.
Correa, Carlos M. 2010. “Access to Knowledge: The Case of Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge”. In Access to Knowledge in the Age of Intellectual Property, edited by Gaëlle Krikorian and Amy Kapczynski, 237-252. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Zone Books.
Cullet, Philippe. 2007. “Human rights and intellectual property protection in the TRIPS era”. Human Rights Quarterly n.º 29 (2): 3-430.
De Schutter, Olivier. 2009. Seed policies and the right to food: enhancing agrobiodiversity and encouraging innovation (Report presented to the UN General Assembly, 64th session, UN doc. A/64/170).
De Schutter, Olivier. 2011. “The right of everyone to enjoy the benefits from scientific progress and the right to food: from conflict to complementarity”. Human Rights Quarterly n.º 33: 304-350.
Derclaye, Estelle. 2012. “Eudemonic intellectual property: patents and related rights as engines of happiness, peace, and sustainability”. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law n.º 14 (3): 495-543.
Dieterlen, Paulette. 2003. La pobreza: un estudio filosófico. México, D.F., Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Donders, Yvonne. 2011. “The right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress: in search of the state obligations in relation to health”. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy n.º 14: 371-381.
Drahos, Peter, and John Braithwaite. 2003. Information feudalism: who owns the knowledge economy? New York: New Press.
Drugs for Neglected Diseases Working Group. 2001. “Fatal Imbalance: The Crisis in Research and Development for Drugs for Neglected Diseases”. Geneva: Médecins Sans Frontières. [http://www.msf.org/source/access/2001/fatal/fatalshort.pdf]. (accessed 25 July 2012).
Dutfield, Graham. 2006. Protecting traditional knowledge: pathways to the future. In ICTSD Programme on IPRs and Sustainable Development. Geneva: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development.
Genugten, Willem van, Anna Meijknecht, Bernard Maister, Casper van Woensel, Bram de Jonge, Godber Tumushabe, Julian Berungi, Niels Louwaars, Grant Napier, Sibongile Gumbi and Tobias Rinke de Wit. 2011. Harnessing Intellectual Property Rights for Development Objectives. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
Gilabert, Pablo. 2009. “The feasibility of basic socioeconomic human rights: a conceptual exploration”. The Philosophical Quarterly n.º 59 (237): 659-681.
Gilabert, Pablo, and Holly lawford-Smith. 2012. “Political feasibility: a conceptual exploration”. Political Studies n.º 60 (4): 809-825.
Gosseries, Axel, and Lukas H. Meyer. 2009. Intergenerational justice. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Gupta, Anil K. 2006. “From sink to source: the Honey Bee Network documents indigenous knowledge and innovations in India”. Innovations (Summer): 49-66.
Gupta, Anil K. 2010. “Grassroots Green Innovations for Inclusive, Sustainable Development”. In The Innovation for Development Report 2009-2010, Strengthening Innovation for the Prosperity of the Nations, edited by Augusto Lopez-Claros, 137-146. Houndmills & New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Hettinger, Edwin C. 1989. “Justifying intellectual property”. Philosophy & Public Affairs n.º 18 (1): 31-52.
Hollis, Aidan, and Thomas W. Pogge. 2008. “The Health Impact Fund: Making New Medicines Accessible for All”. Oslo & New Haven: Incentives for Global Health. [http://www.healthimpactfund.org/HIF_book.pdf]. (accessed 31 March 2012).
Hollis, Aidan and Thomas W. Pogge. 2009. The Health Impact Fund: Making New Medicines Accessible for All. Supplements and Corrections. [http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/igh/files/HIF_supplementsNov09.pdf].
Hope, Janet. 2009. “Open Source Genetics: A Conceptual Framework”. In Gene patents and collaborative licensing models, edited by Geertrui van Overwalle, 171-193. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kapczynski, Amy. 2008. “The Access to Knowledge Mobilization and the New Politics of Intellectual Property”. Yale Law Journal n.º 117 (5): 804-885.
Kloppenburg, Jack. 2010. “Impeding dispossession, enabling repossession: biological open source and the recovery of seed sovereignity”. Journal of Agrarian Change n.º 10 (3): 367-388.
Kloppenburg, Jack. 2014. Re-purposing the master’s tools: the open source seed initiative and the struggle for seed sovereignty. Journal of Peasant Studies. Kloppenburg, Jack and Daniel Lee Kleinman. 1987. “The Plant Germplasm Controversy”. BioScience n.º 37 (3): 190-198.
Koepsell, David. 2010. “Back to basics: how technology and the open source movement can save science”. Social Epistemology n.º 24 (3): 181-190.
Korthals, Michiel, and Cristian Timmermann. 2012. “Reflections on the International Networking Conference “Ethical and Social Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - Agrifood and Health, Held in Brussels, September 2011”. Synesis n.º 3: G66-73.
Lawford-Smith, Holly. 2012. “Understanding Political Feasibility”. Journal of Political Philosophy. doi: doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9760.2012.00422.x.
Lea, David. 2008. “The expansion and restructuring of intellectual property and its implications for the developing world”. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice n.º 11: 37-60.
Liddell, Kathleen. 2010. “The Health Impact Fund: a critique”. In Incentives for Global Public Health. Patent Law and Access to Essential Medicines, edited by Thomas W. Pogge, Matthew Rimmer and Kim Rubenstein, 155-180. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
Louwaars, Niels. 2007. Seeds of confusion: the impact of policies on seed systems: PhD thesis, Wageningen Universiteit.
Love, James, and Tim Hubbard. 2007. “The Big Idea: Prizes to Stimulate R&D for New Medicines”. Chicago-Kent Law Review n.º 82 (3): 1519-1554.
Macfarlane, Bruce, and Ming Cheng. 2008. “Communism, Universalism and Disinterestedness: Re-examining Contemporary Support among Academics for Merton’s Scientific Norms”. Journal of Academic Ethics n.º 6 (1): 67-78. doi: 10.1007/s10805-008-9055-y.
Mendel, Joy, and Aidan Hollis. 2010. The Health Impact Fund and traditional medicines. IGH Discussion Paper No. 8, [http://healthimpactfund.org/files/DP8_Mendel_and_Hollis.pdf].
Nicolosi, Guido and Guido Ruivenkamp. 2012. “Re-skilling the Social Practices: Open Source and Life. Towards a Commons-Based Peer Production in Agro-biotechnology?”. Science and engineering ethics. doi: 10.1007/s11948012-9405-4.
Nozick, Robert. 1974. Anarchy, state, and Utopia. Malden & Oxford: Blackwell.
Nussbaum, Martha C. 2011. Creating capabilities: Harvard University Press.
OOMS, Gorik. 2010. “Why the West is perceived as being unworthy of cooperation”. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics n.º 38 (3): 594-613.
Pogge, Thomas W. 2000. “The international significance of human rights”. The Journal of Ethics n.º 4 (1/2): 45-69.
Pogge, Thomas W. 2008. World poverty and human rights: cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms. 2nd ed. Cambridge and Malden: Polity.
Pogge, Thomas W. 2010a. “Keynote Address: Poverty, Climate Change, and Overpopulation”. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law n.º 38: 525-542.
Pogge, Thomas W. 2010b. Politics as usual : what lies behind the pro-poor rhetoric. Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity.
Pogge, Thomas W. 2012. “The Health Impact Fund: Enhancing Justice and Efficiency in Global Health”. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities n.º 13 (4): 537-559. doi: 10.1080/19452829.2012.703172.
Pogge, Thomas W. and Mitu Sengupta. 2014. “Rethinking the Post-2015 Development Agenda: Eight Ways to End Poverty Now”. Global Justice: Theory Practice Rhetoric n.º 7: 3-11.
Raustiala, Kal and Stephen R. Munzer. 2007. “The Global Struggle over Geographic Indications”. European Journal of International Law n.º 18 (2): 337-365. doi: 10.1093/ejil/chm016.
Ress, Manon A. 2010. “Open-Access Publishing: From Principles to practice”. In Access to Knowledge in the Age of Intellectual Property, edited by Gaëlle Krikorian and Amy Kapczynski, 475-496, New York: Zone Books.
Shaheed, Farida. 2012. Report of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights. United Nations (A/HRC/20/26).
Shields, Liam. 2012. “The prospects for sufficientarianism”. Utilitas n.º 24 (1): 101-117.
Shue, Henry. 1996. Basic rights: Subsistance, affluence, and U.S. foreign policy. 2nd ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Simon, Herbert A. 2001. “Ubi and the Flat Tax”. In What’s Wrong with a Free Lunch?, edited by Philippe Van Parijs, Joshua Cohen and Joel Rogers, 34-38. Boston: Beacon Press.
Singer, Peter. 1993. Practical Ethics. 2nd ed. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
Singer, Peter. 2004. One world: the ethics of globalization. 2nd ed. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Stephan, Paula E. 2012. How economics shapes science. Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard University Press.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2008. “Economic Foundations of Intellectual Property Rights”. Duke Law Journal n.º 57: 1693-1724.
Strahilevitz, Lior Jacob. 2005. “The right to destroy”. The Yale Law Journal n.º 114: 781-854.
Sunder, Madhavi. 2007. “The invention of traditional knowledge”. Law and Contemporary Problems n.º 70: 97-124.
Thompson, Paul B. 2010. “Is Our Agricultural Technology Innovation System Up to 21st Century Challenges?”. Science Progress n.º 24 (November).
Timmermann, Cristian. 2012. “The Health Impact Fund and the right to participate in the advancement of science”. European Journal of Applied Ethics 1(1) (in press).
Timmermann, Cristian. 2014a. “Limiting and facilitating access to innovations in medicine and agriculture: a brief exposition of the ethical arguments”. Life Sciences, Society and Policy n.º 10: 8.
Timmermann, Cristian. 2014b. “Sharing in or benefiting from scientific advancement?” Science and Engineering Ethics n.º 20 (1): 111-133.
Timmermann, Cristian and Henk van den Belt. 2012a. “Climate change, intellectual property rights and global justice”. In Climate Change and Sustainable Development: Ethical Perspectives on Land Use and Food Production, edited by Thomas potthast and Simon Meisch, 75-79. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Timmermann, Cristian, and Henk van den Belt. 2012b. “Global justice considerations for a proposed “Climate Impact Fund”. Public Reason n.º 4 (1-2): 182-196.
Timmermann, Cristian and Henk van den Belt. 2013. “Intellectual property and global health: from corporate social responsibility to the access to knowledge movement”. Liverpool Law Review n.º 34 (1): 47-73. doi: 10.1007/s10991013-9129-9.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2000. General Comment No. 14: The right to the highest attainable standard of health (article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) Geneva: United Nations Economic and Social Council.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2006. General Comment No. 17: The Right of Everyone to Benefit from the Protection of the Moral and Material Interests Resulting from any Scientific, Literary or Artistic Production of Which He or She is the Author (Art. 15, Para. 1 (c) of the Covenant, E/C.12/GC/17). [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/441543594.html].
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1999. General comment 12. The right to adequate food (article 11) (E/C.12/1999/5). Geneva: United Nations Economic and Social Council. UNESCO. 2009. The Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress and its Applications. Paris: UNESCO.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2012. Global Investment in R&D. UIS Fact Sheet (UIS/FS/2012/22). UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
Van Parijs, Philippe. 2012. “What makes a good compromise?”. Government and Opposition n.º 47 (3): 466-480.
Wilson, James. 2010. “Ontology and the regulation of intellectual property”. The Monist n.º 93 (3): 450-463.
Wolff, Jonathan, and Avner de-Shalit. 2007. Disadvantage. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Yu, Peter K. 2007. “Reconceptualizing Intellectual Property Interests in a Human Rights Framework”. University of California Davis Law Review n.º 40: 1039-1149.