License agreements: segmentation within the international market of seeds
Licencias: segmentación en el mercado internacional de semillas
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Díaz Vera, L.M. 2017. License agreements: segmentation within the international market of seeds. Revista La Propiedad Inmaterial. 23 (jun. 2017), 19–45. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18601/16571959.n23.02.
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The self-replicating nature of seeds poses a challenge for the traditional configuration of Intellectual property rights, as it overlooks the boundary that prevents amateurs from replicating the technology embedded on it. The territorial scope of IP rights and the lack of an international consensus regarding the exhaustion of IP right aggravates the issue. This loophole enhances the segmentation of markets through license agreements of patents and plant varieties which multinationals employ to drag resources all along the market chain, by demanding payment of fees to each shackle. This might constitute an infringement of Competition Law regimes which is undertaken differently according with the tradition of each country but always with the aim of protecting the well-functioning of their internal market.
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Secondary sources
Argentina. Cámara Civil y Comercial Federal - Sala III. com 15824/2015/CA1. "Federación de Centros y Entidades Gremiales de Acopiadores de Cereales c. Monsanto Argentina SA y otros s. amparo". Buenos Aires, 2 de junio de 2016.
Argentina. Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil y Comercial Federal. Causa n.° 8.044/07/CA1. Monsanto Technology LLC C/ Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial s/ denegatoria de patente.
Argentina. Law n.° 20.247. Law of Seeds and Phytogenetic Creations. 30/3/73. .
Argentina. National Chamber of Appeals in Civil and Commercial Federal Chamber III. "Monsanto Company s/ Apelación Resolución Comisión Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia. Acumulada". File number 638/2008.
BASF Corporation. Clearfield Wheat Stewardship Guide 2014-2015 (2).
Benoit, David; Cimilluca, Dana; Mattioli, Dana, and Bunge, Jacob. "Dow Chemical and DuPont are in Advanced Talks to Merge", Wall Street Journal, 2015.
Brazil. CADE. Monsanto do Brasil Ltda. - Nidera Sementes Ltda. AC. n.° 08012.006706/2012-08.
Brazil. CADE. Monsanto do Brasil Ltda. - Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda. Administrative Process n.° 08012.002870/2012-38.
Brazil. CADE. Monsanto do Brasil Ltda. Bayer S.A. AC n.° 08700.004957/2013-72.
Brazil. CADE. Monsanto do Brasil Ltda. Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola. AC n.° 08700.003898/2012-34.
Bunge, Jacob and Mattioli, Dana. "Bayer Proposes to Acquire Monsanto", Wall Street Journal, 2016.
Case C 193/83. Windsurfing Intl. Inc. v Commission [1986] ECR 611.
Case C 27/87. SPRL Louis Erauw-Jacquery v La Hesbignonne SC. [1988] ECR 01919 -1935.
Case C-258/78. L. C. Nungesser v Commission. [1982] ECR 02015.
Case C-61/97. FDV v Laserdisken. [1998] ECR I-05171.
Case C428/08. Monsanto Technology LLC v Cefetra BV. [2010] ECR I-06765.
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Potential impacts of genetic use restriction technologies (GURTS) on agrobiodiversity and agricultural production systems. [2001] FAO.
Commission Regulation (EU) No 316/2014. March 21, 2014 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of technology transfer agreements Text with eea relevance. [2014] OJ L 93/17.
Council and Parliament Regulation (EU) 1257/2012 of 17 December 2012. Implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the creation of unitary patent protection [2012] OJ L 361/1.
Council Directive 98/44/EC of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. [1998] O.J. L 213/13.
European Competition Network. Report on competition law enforcement and market monitoring activities by European competition authorities in the food sector, 2012.
India. Competition Commission. Case n.° 2 of 2015 & Case n.° 107 of 2015. Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare v. Mahyco Monsanto Biotech (India) Limited February 10, 2016.
Instituto de Investigación Económica y Política Ciudadana ISEPCi. La reforma de la Ley de Semillas en Argentina. Análisis de la propuesta del Gobierno y sus principales impulsores, 2014, ISEPCi.
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications ISAA. ISAAA Brief 49-2014: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014.
Mammana, Ivan. "Concentration of market power in the EU seed market", Study commissioned by the greens/EFA group in the European parliament, 2014.
Marín, Anabel. "El futuro de las semillas y la agricultura en Argentina", Centro Steps para America Latina, 2014.
Monsanto Technology/Stewardship Agreement (Limited Use License). 2016 In Monsanto. 2016tug U.S. Technology Use Guide and Irm Overview (38).
Parliament and Council Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 Establishing a common organization of the markets in agricultural products [2013] OJ L 347.
Phillips McDougall. "The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, 2005-8 and 2010 to 2014. R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for 2019, 2016". Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association.
Rossi, Hugo. "Los nuevos Contratos de Licencia de Uso de Soja: ¿Cómo son? ¿Qué implicancias tienen?", Journal Consultor Agropecuario n.° 11, Errepar, 2014.
Syngenta Cp / Advanta (Case Comp/M.3465), 2004. Document n.° 32004M3465. OJ C 263/7.
The Netherlands. The Hague District Court, Monsanto Technology llc v. Cefetra B.V., The State of Argentina et al. and Monsanto Technology llc v. Vopak Agencies Rotterdam B.V. and Alfred C. Toepfer International GmbH, Docket Decision, 23 June 2010, Case n.° HA ZA 05-2885 and HA ZA 06-2576.
Treaty Establishing the European Community, of 10 November 1997. O.J. C 340/112.
U. S. Department of Justice. Press Release. Justice Department Approves Monsanto's Acquisition of Dekalb Genetics Corporation. [1998] Available at: www.usdoj.gov
U.S. Court of Appeals of the Federal Circuit. Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc., 976 F. 2d 700 (1992).
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States. (2014).
U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Trade Commission Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property. [1995]
U.S. Lotes Co Ltd v. Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. 13-2280, 2014 WL 2487188 at *1 (2d Cir. June 4, 2014).
U.S. Minn-Chem, Inc. v. Agrium, Inc., [683 F.3d 845] (7th Cir. 2012).
U.S. Supreme Court. Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980) 447 U.S. 303.
U.S. Supreme Court. J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. 534 U. S. 124 [2001].
U.S. Supreme Court. Quanta Computer Inc v. LG Electrics Inc. Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. 553 U.S. 617 [2008].
U.S. Supreme Court. Vernon Hugh Bowman v. Monsanto Company et al. 569 U. S. (2013).
U.S. United States v. LSL Biotechnologies, 379 F.3d 672, 680 (9th Cir. 2004).
Books
Kloppenburg, Ralph Jack. First the seed: The political economy of plant biotechnology, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004.
Journal articles
Barrios, Lucas. "O contrato internacional de transferência de tecnologia e o Direito da Concorrência no Brasil: análise à luz da recente jurisprudência do Cade", Revista de Defesa da Concorrência, 2014, 2(2).
Conde Gallego, Beatriz, "The principle of exhaustion of rights and its implications for competition law", International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 2003, 34(5), pp. 473-502.
Daniels, Timothy P., "Keep the License Agreements Coming: The Effects of J.E.M. Ag Supply, Incorporated v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Incorporated on Universities' Use of Intellectual Property Laws to Protect Their Plant Genetic Research", 2003, BYU Educ. & L.J. 771. Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/elj/vol2003/iss2/11.
Fikentscher, Wolfgang, "The Draft International Antitrust Code (DIAC) in the Context of International Technological Integration - The Institutional and Jurisdictional Architecture", Chi.-Kent. L. Rev., 1996, 72, p. 533.
Harl, Neil E., "The Age of Contract Agriculture: Consequences of Concentration in Input Supply", Journal of Agribusiness, 2000, 18(1), pp. 115-128.
Hennessy, David A. and Hayes, Dermot J., "Competition and Tying in Agri-chemical and Seed Markets", Review of Agricultural Economics, 2000, 22(2), pp. 389-406.
Leach, Mark; Mesquita, Luiz and Downey, David, "Case study: Partnering strategies in a bio tech. world: The case of Dairyland Seed Company", The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 2001, 16(3).
Lence, Sergio H. and others, "Welfare impacts of intellectual property protection in the seed industry", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2005, 87(4), pp. 951-968.
Lim, Daryl, "Living with Monsanto", Michigan State Law Review, 2015, pp. 559-663.
Srinivasan, C. S. and Thirtle, Colin, "Potential economic impacts of terminator technologies: policy implications for developing countries", Environment and Development Economics, 2003, 8(01), pp. 187-205.
Westkamp, Guido, "Intellectual Property, Competition Rules, and the Emerging Internal Market: Some Thoughts on the European Exhaustion Doctrine", 11 Intellectual Property L. Rev, 2007.
Winston, Elizabeth I., "Why sell what you can license?", George Mason Law Review, 2006, p. 14.
Yusuf, Mansir, "Ethical issues in the use of the terminator seed technology", African Journal of Biotechnology, 2010, 9(52), pp. 8901-8904.
Book chapters
Cahoon, Richard S. "Licensing Agreements in Agricultural Biotechnology", in Intellectual Property Management Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices, mihr: Centre for the Management of Intellectual Property in Health Research and Development and Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture pipra, 2007.
Forsyth, Miranda and Warwic, Rothnie. "Parallel Imports", en Steven D Anderman (ed), The Interface Between Intellectual Property Rights and Competition Policy, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Hobbes, Jill E., "The private sector: MNEs and SMEs", in Smyth and others (eds), Handbook on Agriculture, Biotechnology and Development, Edward Elgar, 2014.
Neagley, Clinton H. Patent Licensing for Small Agricultural Biotechnology Companies. In Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices, MIHR: Centre for the Management of Intellectual Property in Health Research and Development and Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture pipra, 2007.
Websites
Carlos Correa. Monsanto vs. Argentina [2006] Le Monde Diplomatique [El Diplo].
FAA Prensa. FAA y sus entidades asociadas ampliaron denuncia contra Monsanto. [2016].
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. ISAAA Brief 49-2014: Top Ten Facts.
Monsanto Notified that U.S. Department of Justice Has Concluded Its Inquiry.
Argentina. Cámara Civil y Comercial Federal - Sala III. com 15824/2015/CA1. "Federación de Centros y Entidades Gremiales de Acopiadores de Cereales c. Monsanto Argentina SA y otros s. amparo". Buenos Aires, 2 de junio de 2016.
Argentina. Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil y Comercial Federal. Causa n.° 8.044/07/CA1. Monsanto Technology LLC C/ Instituto Nacional de la Propiedad Industrial s/ denegatoria de patente.
Argentina. Law n.° 20.247. Law of Seeds and Phytogenetic Creations. 30/3/73. .
Argentina. National Chamber of Appeals in Civil and Commercial Federal Chamber III. "Monsanto Company s/ Apelación Resolución Comisión Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia. Acumulada". File number 638/2008.
BASF Corporation. Clearfield Wheat Stewardship Guide 2014-2015 (2).
Benoit, David; Cimilluca, Dana; Mattioli, Dana, and Bunge, Jacob. "Dow Chemical and DuPont are in Advanced Talks to Merge", Wall Street Journal, 2015.
Brazil. CADE. Monsanto do Brasil Ltda. - Nidera Sementes Ltda. AC. n.° 08012.006706/2012-08.
Brazil. CADE. Monsanto do Brasil Ltda. - Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos Ltda. Administrative Process n.° 08012.002870/2012-38.
Brazil. CADE. Monsanto do Brasil Ltda. Bayer S.A. AC n.° 08700.004957/2013-72.
Brazil. CADE. Monsanto do Brasil Ltda. Cooperativa Central de Pesquisa Agrícola. AC n.° 08700.003898/2012-34.
Bunge, Jacob and Mattioli, Dana. "Bayer Proposes to Acquire Monsanto", Wall Street Journal, 2016.
Case C 193/83. Windsurfing Intl. Inc. v Commission [1986] ECR 611.
Case C 27/87. SPRL Louis Erauw-Jacquery v La Hesbignonne SC. [1988] ECR 01919 -1935.
Case C-258/78. L. C. Nungesser v Commission. [1982] ECR 02015.
Case C-61/97. FDV v Laserdisken. [1998] ECR I-05171.
Case C428/08. Monsanto Technology LLC v Cefetra BV. [2010] ECR I-06765.
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Potential impacts of genetic use restriction technologies (GURTS) on agrobiodiversity and agricultural production systems. [2001] FAO.
Commission Regulation (EU) No 316/2014. March 21, 2014 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of technology transfer agreements Text with eea relevance. [2014] OJ L 93/17.
Council and Parliament Regulation (EU) 1257/2012 of 17 December 2012. Implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the creation of unitary patent protection [2012] OJ L 361/1.
Council Directive 98/44/EC of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions. [1998] O.J. L 213/13.
European Competition Network. Report on competition law enforcement and market monitoring activities by European competition authorities in the food sector, 2012.
India. Competition Commission. Case n.° 2 of 2015 & Case n.° 107 of 2015. Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare v. Mahyco Monsanto Biotech (India) Limited February 10, 2016.
Instituto de Investigación Económica y Política Ciudadana ISEPCi. La reforma de la Ley de Semillas en Argentina. Análisis de la propuesta del Gobierno y sus principales impulsores, 2014, ISEPCi.
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications ISAA. ISAAA Brief 49-2014: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014.
Mammana, Ivan. "Concentration of market power in the EU seed market", Study commissioned by the greens/EFA group in the European parliament, 2014.
Marín, Anabel. "El futuro de las semillas y la agricultura en Argentina", Centro Steps para America Latina, 2014.
Monsanto Technology/Stewardship Agreement (Limited Use License). 2016 In Monsanto. 2016tug U.S. Technology Use Guide and Irm Overview (38).
Parliament and Council Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 Establishing a common organization of the markets in agricultural products [2013] OJ L 347.
Phillips McDougall. "The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, 2005-8 and 2010 to 2014. R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for 2019, 2016". Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association.
Rossi, Hugo. "Los nuevos Contratos de Licencia de Uso de Soja: ¿Cómo son? ¿Qué implicancias tienen?", Journal Consultor Agropecuario n.° 11, Errepar, 2014.
Syngenta Cp / Advanta (Case Comp/M.3465), 2004. Document n.° 32004M3465. OJ C 263/7.
The Netherlands. The Hague District Court, Monsanto Technology llc v. Cefetra B.V., The State of Argentina et al. and Monsanto Technology llc v. Vopak Agencies Rotterdam B.V. and Alfred C. Toepfer International GmbH, Docket Decision, 23 June 2010, Case n.° HA ZA 05-2885 and HA ZA 06-2576.
Treaty Establishing the European Community, of 10 November 1997. O.J. C 340/112.
U. S. Department of Justice. Press Release. Justice Department Approves Monsanto's Acquisition of Dekalb Genetics Corporation. [1998] Available at: www.usdoj.gov
U.S. Court of Appeals of the Federal Circuit. Mallinckrodt, Inc. v. Medipart, Inc., 976 F. 2d 700 (1992).
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States. (2014).
U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Trade Commission Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property. [1995]
U.S. Lotes Co Ltd v. Hon Hai Precision Industry Co. 13-2280, 2014 WL 2487188 at *1 (2d Cir. June 4, 2014).
U.S. Minn-Chem, Inc. v. Agrium, Inc., [683 F.3d 845] (7th Cir. 2012).
U.S. Supreme Court. Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980) 447 U.S. 303.
U.S. Supreme Court. J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. 534 U. S. 124 [2001].
U.S. Supreme Court. Quanta Computer Inc v. LG Electrics Inc. Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. 553 U.S. 617 [2008].
U.S. Supreme Court. Vernon Hugh Bowman v. Monsanto Company et al. 569 U. S. (2013).
U.S. United States v. LSL Biotechnologies, 379 F.3d 672, 680 (9th Cir. 2004).
Books
Kloppenburg, Ralph Jack. First the seed: The political economy of plant biotechnology, University of Wisconsin Press, 2004.
Journal articles
Barrios, Lucas. "O contrato internacional de transferência de tecnologia e o Direito da Concorrência no Brasil: análise à luz da recente jurisprudência do Cade", Revista de Defesa da Concorrência, 2014, 2(2).
Conde Gallego, Beatriz, "The principle of exhaustion of rights and its implications for competition law", International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 2003, 34(5), pp. 473-502.
Daniels, Timothy P., "Keep the License Agreements Coming: The Effects of J.E.M. Ag Supply, Incorporated v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Incorporated on Universities' Use of Intellectual Property Laws to Protect Their Plant Genetic Research", 2003, BYU Educ. & L.J. 771. Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/elj/vol2003/iss2/11.
Fikentscher, Wolfgang, "The Draft International Antitrust Code (DIAC) in the Context of International Technological Integration - The Institutional and Jurisdictional Architecture", Chi.-Kent. L. Rev., 1996, 72, p. 533.
Harl, Neil E., "The Age of Contract Agriculture: Consequences of Concentration in Input Supply", Journal of Agribusiness, 2000, 18(1), pp. 115-128.
Hennessy, David A. and Hayes, Dermot J., "Competition and Tying in Agri-chemical and Seed Markets", Review of Agricultural Economics, 2000, 22(2), pp. 389-406.
Leach, Mark; Mesquita, Luiz and Downey, David, "Case study: Partnering strategies in a bio tech. world: The case of Dairyland Seed Company", The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 2001, 16(3).
Lence, Sergio H. and others, "Welfare impacts of intellectual property protection in the seed industry", American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2005, 87(4), pp. 951-968.
Lim, Daryl, "Living with Monsanto", Michigan State Law Review, 2015, pp. 559-663.
Srinivasan, C. S. and Thirtle, Colin, "Potential economic impacts of terminator technologies: policy implications for developing countries", Environment and Development Economics, 2003, 8(01), pp. 187-205.
Westkamp, Guido, "Intellectual Property, Competition Rules, and the Emerging Internal Market: Some Thoughts on the European Exhaustion Doctrine", 11 Intellectual Property L. Rev, 2007.
Winston, Elizabeth I., "Why sell what you can license?", George Mason Law Review, 2006, p. 14.
Yusuf, Mansir, "Ethical issues in the use of the terminator seed technology", African Journal of Biotechnology, 2010, 9(52), pp. 8901-8904.
Book chapters
Cahoon, Richard S. "Licensing Agreements in Agricultural Biotechnology", in Intellectual Property Management Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices, mihr: Centre for the Management of Intellectual Property in Health Research and Development and Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture pipra, 2007.
Forsyth, Miranda and Warwic, Rothnie. "Parallel Imports", en Steven D Anderman (ed), The Interface Between Intellectual Property Rights and Competition Policy, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Hobbes, Jill E., "The private sector: MNEs and SMEs", in Smyth and others (eds), Handbook on Agriculture, Biotechnology and Development, Edward Elgar, 2014.
Neagley, Clinton H. Patent Licensing for Small Agricultural Biotechnology Companies. In Intellectual Property Management in Health and Agricultural Innovation: A Handbook of Best Practices, MIHR: Centre for the Management of Intellectual Property in Health Research and Development and Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture pipra, 2007.
Websites
Carlos Correa. Monsanto vs. Argentina [2006] Le Monde Diplomatique [El Diplo].
FAA Prensa. FAA y sus entidades asociadas ampliaron denuncia contra Monsanto. [2016].
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. ISAAA Brief 49-2014: Top Ten Facts.
Monsanto Notified that U.S. Department of Justice Has Concluded Its Inquiry.
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