Transatlantic Cooperation in Space: Eu-Canada Free Trade Agreement
Transatlantic Cooperation in Space: Eu-Canada Free Trade Agreement
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Weber-Steinhaus, L. 2014. Transatlantic Cooperation in Space: Eu-Canada Free Trade Agreement. Oasis. 20 (dic. 2014), 81–94.
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Dec 19, 2014
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National governments are keenly aware of the need for investment in space. Canada, as a formal cooperating state in the European Space Agency (ESA), and Germany, as a leading member state of ESA, are interlinked in Europe’s space endeavours. Beyond ESA, Germany and Canada additionally have a strong history of bilateral cooperation on a range of space projects. This paper discusses the novel interdependencies between clear national and now supranational space policies, using the examples of the Canada-European Union (EU) Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). The agreement covers most aspects of the EU-Canada bilateral economic relationship and includes space. The paper focuses on international space policies, strategic bilateral co-operation, and technical accomplishments. It takes a closer look at German-Canadian collaboration in space programs and offers some reflection on the effect of both the EU and ESA’S transatlantic involvement in space.
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Referencias (VER)
Canadian Space Agency (2014). 2014-15 Estimates, Report on Plans and Priorities, Catalogue Number: ST96-7/2014E-PDF. Canadian Space Agency Communications and Public Affairs. Retrieved from: http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/pdf/eng/publications/rpp-2014-eng.pdf.
Canadian Space Agency (2014, October 03). RADARSAT-2. Retrieved from: http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/RADARSAT2/default.asp.
ESA Convention and Council Rules of Procedure (2010, December). Article II. ESA Communications ESA SP-1317.
EU Commission (2013, October 18). DG Trade, Facts and figures of the EU-Canada Free Trade deal. Retrieved from: European Commission: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=974.
EU Commission (2014, October 9). DG Trade, Facts and figures of the EU-Canada Free Trade deal. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/canada/.
European Commission, Directorate General for Trade (2014, September 26). CETA Consolidated Text (5 August 2014), Section 3. 156. Retrieved from: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2014/september/tradoc_152806.pdf.
European Community (2009). Agreement on Air Transport between Canada and the European Community and its Member States. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/international_aviation/country_index/doc/canada_final_text_agreement.pdf.
European Space Agency (2010, December 15). esa and Canada renew partnership in space science and technology. Retrieved from: http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_esa/esa_and_Canada_renew_partnership_in_space_science_and_technology.
European Space Agency (2014, February 10). Ministerial Council Meetings. Retrieved from: http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Law_at_ESA/Ministerial_Council_Meetings2.
European Space Agency. (2014). New Member States. Retrieved from: http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/New_Member_States.
Federal Ministry of Education and Research - International Bureau. (2011). Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.internationales-buero.de/en/1004.php.
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (2014, May 26). Key Areas of Cooperation between Germany and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.bmbf.de/en/5244.php?hilite=Canada.
Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada (2012, February). Canada-European Union: Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Negotiations, Annex 5, Initial Strategic Environmental Assessment. Retrieved from: http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accordscommerciaux/agr-acc/eu-ue/initialea-ceta-aecgEEinitiale.aspx?lang=eng.
Gauthier, A. & Guévin-Nicoloff, R. (2011, September 15). Canadian Trade and Investment Activity. Canada: Parliament of Canada Retrieved from: http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-06-e.htm.
Industry Canada. (2013, October 11). Industrial and Regional Benefits Definition. Industry Canada. Retrieved from: https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/042.nsf/eng/home.
Minister of Justice. (1985, June 20). Investment Canada Act. Retrieved from: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca.
Official Journal of the European Union (2004, August 6). Framework agreement between the European Community and the European Space Agency. Official Journal of the European Union, 64-68.
Official Journal of the European Union. (2010, March 30). Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Consolidated Versions, 4(3) and 4(4).
Oxford. (2014). Cooperation. Oxford Dictionary Online. Retrieved from: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cooperation.
Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper. (2014, September 18). PM to host Canada-European Union Summit. Retrieved from: http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/09/18/pm-host-canada-european-union-summit.
Regulation (EC) No 216/2008. (2008, February 20). European Parliament and of the Council (20 February 2008) on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Aviation Safety Agency. Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/pdf/?uri=CELEX:02008R021620130129&from=en.
Roberts, H. (2014, September 26). Canada, Europe sign long-awaited free trade deal. Toronto Sun. Retrieved from: http://www.torontosun.com/2014/09/26/canada-europe-sign-free-tradedeal.
Schmidt-Tedd, B. (2011). The relationship between the EU and ESA within the framework of European Space Policy and its consequences for space industry contracts. In Smith, L. J. & Baumann, I. Contracting for Space (pp. 26-28). Farnham: Ashgate.
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Consolidated Versions (2010/C 83/01). (2010, March 30). Article 189(2). Official Journal of the European Union.
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (1967, October 10). UN Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including. Retrieved from: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/st_space_061Rev01E.pdf.
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (1967). UN Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Article IX. Retrieved November from: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/ st_space_061Rev01E.pdf.
Wagstyl, S. (2014, September 25). Germany expresses concerns about us and Canada trade deals. Financial Times Online. Retrieved from: http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/671841da-44c1-11e4bce800144feabdc0.html#axzz3EdTnAXUj.
Weber-Steinhaus, L. (2014, March). Germany’s role within the European Space Policy; Encouraging National versus European Space Industry Applications. New Space, 2(1), pp. 10-15. Retrieved from: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/space.2013.0039.
Glossary
CCMEO - Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation
CETA - Canada-European Union (EU)
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
CSA - Canadian Space Agency
CSP - Canadian Space Program
DLR - German Aerospace Center
EASA - European Aviation Safety Agency
EEA - European Economic Area
ESA - European Space Agency
ESP - European Space Policy
EU - European Union
FTA - Free Trade Agreement
IAC - International Astronautical Conference
IRB - Industrial and Regional Benefits
ISDS - Investor-State-Dispute Settlement Clauses
ITAR - International Traffic in Arms Regulations
NAFTA - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO - Non Governmental Organization
OST - Outer Space Treaty
UAV - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UNOOSA - United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
TBT - Technical Barriers to Trade
TEFU - Treaty on the functioning of the European Union
TTIP - EU-US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
WTO - World Trade Organization
Canadian Space Agency (2014, October 03). RADARSAT-2. Retrieved from: http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/RADARSAT2/default.asp.
ESA Convention and Council Rules of Procedure (2010, December). Article II. ESA Communications ESA SP-1317.
EU Commission (2013, October 18). DG Trade, Facts and figures of the EU-Canada Free Trade deal. Retrieved from: European Commission: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=974.
EU Commission (2014, October 9). DG Trade, Facts and figures of the EU-Canada Free Trade deal. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/canada/.
European Commission, Directorate General for Trade (2014, September 26). CETA Consolidated Text (5 August 2014), Section 3. 156. Retrieved from: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2014/september/tradoc_152806.pdf.
European Community (2009). Agreement on Air Transport between Canada and the European Community and its Member States. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/air/international_aviation/country_index/doc/canada_final_text_agreement.pdf.
European Space Agency (2010, December 15). esa and Canada renew partnership in space science and technology. Retrieved from: http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_esa/esa_and_Canada_renew_partnership_in_space_science_and_technology.
European Space Agency (2014, February 10). Ministerial Council Meetings. Retrieved from: http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Law_at_ESA/Ministerial_Council_Meetings2.
European Space Agency. (2014). New Member States. Retrieved from: http://www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/New_Member_States.
Federal Ministry of Education and Research - International Bureau. (2011). Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.internationales-buero.de/en/1004.php.
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (2014, May 26). Key Areas of Cooperation between Germany and Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.bmbf.de/en/5244.php?hilite=Canada.
Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada (2012, February). Canada-European Union: Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Negotiations, Annex 5, Initial Strategic Environmental Assessment. Retrieved from: http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accordscommerciaux/agr-acc/eu-ue/initialea-ceta-aecgEEinitiale.aspx?lang=eng.
Gauthier, A. & Guévin-Nicoloff, R. (2011, September 15). Canadian Trade and Investment Activity. Canada: Parliament of Canada Retrieved from: http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2011-06-e.htm.
Industry Canada. (2013, October 11). Industrial and Regional Benefits Definition. Industry Canada. Retrieved from: https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/042.nsf/eng/home.
Minister of Justice. (1985, June 20). Investment Canada Act. Retrieved from: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca.
Official Journal of the European Union (2004, August 6). Framework agreement between the European Community and the European Space Agency. Official Journal of the European Union, 64-68.
Official Journal of the European Union. (2010, March 30). Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Consolidated Versions, 4(3) and 4(4).
Oxford. (2014). Cooperation. Oxford Dictionary Online. Retrieved from: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/cooperation.
Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper. (2014, September 18). PM to host Canada-European Union Summit. Retrieved from: http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2014/09/18/pm-host-canada-european-union-summit.
Regulation (EC) No 216/2008. (2008, February 20). European Parliament and of the Council (20 February 2008) on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Aviation Safety Agency. Retrieved from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/pdf/?uri=CELEX:02008R021620130129&from=en.
Roberts, H. (2014, September 26). Canada, Europe sign long-awaited free trade deal. Toronto Sun. Retrieved from: http://www.torontosun.com/2014/09/26/canada-europe-sign-free-tradedeal.
Schmidt-Tedd, B. (2011). The relationship between the EU and ESA within the framework of European Space Policy and its consequences for space industry contracts. In Smith, L. J. & Baumann, I. Contracting for Space (pp. 26-28). Farnham: Ashgate.
Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Consolidated Versions (2010/C 83/01). (2010, March 30). Article 189(2). Official Journal of the European Union.
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (1967, October 10). UN Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including. Retrieved from: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/st_space_061Rev01E.pdf.
United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (1967). UN Treaty on the Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Article IX. Retrieved November from: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/ st_space_061Rev01E.pdf.
Wagstyl, S. (2014, September 25). Germany expresses concerns about us and Canada trade deals. Financial Times Online. Retrieved from: http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/671841da-44c1-11e4bce800144feabdc0.html#axzz3EdTnAXUj.
Weber-Steinhaus, L. (2014, March). Germany’s role within the European Space Policy; Encouraging National versus European Space Industry Applications. New Space, 2(1), pp. 10-15. Retrieved from: http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/space.2013.0039.
Glossary
CCMEO - Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation
CETA - Canada-European Union (EU)
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
CSA - Canadian Space Agency
CSP - Canadian Space Program
DLR - German Aerospace Center
EASA - European Aviation Safety Agency
EEA - European Economic Area
ESA - European Space Agency
ESP - European Space Policy
EU - European Union
FTA - Free Trade Agreement
IAC - International Astronautical Conference
IRB - Industrial and Regional Benefits
ISDS - Investor-State-Dispute Settlement Clauses
ITAR - International Traffic in Arms Regulations
NAFTA - North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO - Non Governmental Organization
OST - Outer Space Treaty
UAV - Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UNOOSA - United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
TBT - Technical Barriers to Trade
TEFU - Treaty on the functioning of the European Union
TTIP - EU-US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
WTO - World Trade Organization