The Domestic Sources of City Diplomacy: The Case of the City of Johannesburg, 2011-2016
The Domestic Sources of City Diplomacy: The Case of the City of Johannesburg, 2011-2016
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La literatura dominante sobre ciudades globales tiende a explicar la internacionalización de las urbes casi exclusivamente desde la perspectiva de los desarrollos recientes en el capitalismo global, desarrollos que han puesto a las ciudades en el corazón de una economía mundial cada vez más globalizada, financiarizada y desregulada. La internacionalización de estas llamadas ciudades globales se concibe como una respuesta y está condicionada por exigencias externas y, principalmente, económicas. La investigación sobre las relaciones exteriores de los gobiernos de las ciudades ha seguido esta tradición, con un enfoque predominante en las conductas y manifestaciones globales, así como en las implicaciones sistémicas de este fenómeno. Se ha prestado poca atención académica a los contextos domésticos dentro de los cuales los gobiernos de las ciudades desarrollan y ejercen su agencia internacional. Este artículo se inspira en el surgimiento de relatos alternativos en la literatura sobre ciudades globales, que han subrayado la importancia del contexto doméstico para dar sentido a la internacionalización contemporánea de las ciudades, con el fin de analizar las fuentes domésticas de las relaciones exteriores de la ciudad de Johannesburgo desde 2011 hasta 2016. Si bien reconocemos la ambición de Johannesburgo de convertirse en una ciudad global y en un importante impulsor de las relaciones internacionales del gobierno de la ciudad durante este periodo, identificamos y analizamos un conjunto de factores locales y nacionales que igualmente inspiraron y condicionaron los compromisos extranjeros de la ciudad. Estos incluyen la enorme división socioeconómica y espacial que continúa definiendo la ciudad, la influencia del partido de gobierno, el Congreso Nacional Africano (ANC), y su doctrina de internacionalismo progresista, así como la perspectiva internacionalista del entonces alcalde y sus ambiciones políticas internas.
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