Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa
The contradictions of Greenlandic independence
Barra lateral del artículo
PDF
FLIP
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
En el presente artículo se analizan las relaciones de Groenlandia, en especial su capital Nuuk, con los diversos actores que intervienen en su posible independencia, desde comunidades indígenas, pasando por empresas transnacionales, los Estados y las potencias involucrados, hasta organizaciones internacionales. Dichas relaciones se analizan desde la teoría de la complejidad propuesta por Rosenau, tomando las distintas declaraciones de la variedad de actores mencionados, para así demostrar que el camino hacia la independencia groenlandesa es bastante incierto. Esta demostración se hará a partir de dos variables, una socioeconómica y otra política, para dar cuenta de la complejidad y las contradicciones de la independencia promovida desde Nuuk.
Palabras clave:
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Referencias (VER)
AFP (2021). Uranium mining banned in Greenland. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202111/1238626.shtml
Andersson, P., Zeuthen, J. W. y Kalvig, P. (2018). Chinese mining in Greenland: Arctic access or access to minerals? Arctic Yearbook, (1), 1-15.
Arctic Council (2011). Circumpolar Information Guide on Mining for Indigenous Peoples and Northern Communities. Arctic Council.
Arctic Council (2021). Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Arctic Mining: Progress Report. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna.
Bennet, M. (2022). The US is using a mine in Greenland to counter China. Cryopolitics. https:// www.cryopolitics.com/2022/06/20/us-mine-greenland-china/
Berry, D. A. (2016). The Monroe Doctrine and the governance of Greenland’s security. En D. A. Berry, N. Bowles y H. Jones (Eds.). Governing the North American Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions (pp. 103-121). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137493910_5
Birkhold, M. (2019). Can Greenland win independence by selling melted ice? The world’s biggest island taps a resource it’s always had. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/den¬mark/2019-07-18/can-greenland-win-independence-selling-melted-ice
Breum, M. (2019). A rare poll hints at real differences between Danish and Greenlandic thinking on Greenland independence. Arctic Today. https:// www.arctictoday.com/a-rare-poll-hints-at-real-differences-between-danish-and-greenlandic-thinking-on-greenland-independence/
Charron, A. y Fergusson, J. (2020). Canada and defence against help: The wrong theory for the wrong country at the wrong time. En T. Juneau, P. La¬gassé y S. Vucetic (Eds.), Canadian Defence Policy in Theory and Practice (pp. 99-115). Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26403-1_7
Conley, H. A. (2019). The Arctic spring: Washington is sleeping through changes at the top of the world. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/commons/2019-09-24/arctic-spring
EXIM (2022). The China and transformational exports program. Export Import Bank of the United States. https://www.exim.gov/about/special-initiatives/ ctep
Gad, U. P. (2022). Nuuk as a diplomatic scene. Danish Institute for International Studies. https://www. diis.dk/en/research/nuuk-as-a-diplomatic-scene
Gad, U. P., Graugaard, N. D., Holgersen, A., Jacobsen, M., Lave, N. y Schriver, N. (2021). Imagining China on Greenland’s road to independence. En China’s Arctic Engagement: Following the Polar Silk Road to Greenland and Russa-Selected Articles from the Arctic Yearbook (pp. 136-168). NAADSN.
Gravgaard, A. (2013). Greenland’s rare earths gold rush. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/north-america/2013-10-28/greenlands-rare-earths-gold-rush
Greenland Minerals Ltd. (2022). Draft Exploitation Licence Decision and White Paper Review. https:// wcsecure.weblink.com.au/pdf/GGG/02545548. pdf
Gunter, C. (2015). The case for uranium mining in Greenland. Cornell International Law Journal, 48 (1), 423-450.
Inuit Circumpolar Council. (2010). Inuit Arctic Policy. https://secureservercdn.net/45.40.145.201/ hh3.0e7.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/ Inuit-Arctic-Policy.pdf
Inuit Circumpolar Council (2013). Global mercury treaty adopted, mentions vulnerability of Arctic ecosystems and indigenous communities. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/ press-releases/global-mercury-treaty-adopted-mentions-vulnerability-of-arctic-ecosystems-and-indigenous-communities/
Inuit Circumpolar Council (2016). Creating equitable economic development for inuit. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/press-releases/creating-equitable-economic-development-for-inuit/
Inuit Circumpolar Council (2017). Circumpolar Inuit forge path towards international business cooperation. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcir-cumpolar.com/press-releases/circumpolar-inuit-forge-path-towards-international-business-cooperation/
Inuit Circumpolar Council (2022). Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Arctic Sovereignty. https://www. inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/circumpolar-inuit-declaration-on-arctic-sovereignty/
Jacobsen, M. y Gad, U. P. (2017). Setting the scene in Nuuk: introducing the cast of characters in Greenlandic foreign policy narratives. En K. S. Kristensen y J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (Eds.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low (pp. 11-27). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315162645-2
Kang, D. (2022). Rare earths processor buys rights to mine in Greenland. AP News. https://apnews.com/ article/technology-canada-china-ffff79415fd7b-c13e02cf2348d86e689
Kingdom of Denmark (2009). Act on Greenland Self-Government. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/ natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/110442/137381 /F-520745313/DNK110442%20Eng.pdf
Liu, T. y Song, Y. (2020). Chinese paradiplomacy: A theoretical review. SAGE Open, 10 (1). https://doi. org/10.1177/2158244019899048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899048
McGwin, K. (2022). Greenland wants a Nato envoy of its own. Polar Journal. https://polarjournal.ch/ en/2022/08/26/greenland-wants-a-nato-envoy-of-its-own/
NATO (2020). NATO begins cooperation with Danish Joint Arctic Command in Greenland. News. https://mc.nato.int/media-centre/news/2020/ nato-begins-cooperation-with-danish-joint-arctic-command-in-greenland
Neo Materials (2022). Hudson Resources and Neo Performance Materials Sign Agreement on the Sarfartoq Rare Earth Element Project In Greenland. https://www.neomaterials.com/hudson-resources-and-neo-performance-materials-sign-agreement-on-the-sarfartoq-rare-earth-element-project-in-greenland/
Olesen, M. R. (2017). Lightning rod: US, Greenlandic and Danish relations in the shadow of postcolonial reputations. En K. S. Kristensen y J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (Eds.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low Politics (pp. 70-82). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315162645-6
Orano (2021). Government of Greenland awards two exploration permits to Orano. https://www.orano.group/en/news/news-group/2021/february/ government-of-greenland-awards-two-explora¬tion-permits-to-orano
Prunckun, H. (2010). Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis. The Scarecrow Press Inc.
Schiavon, J. (2010). La diplomacia local de los gobiernos estatales en México (2000-2010). CIDE, 201 (1), 1-37.
Steinberg, P., Tasch, J. y Gerhardt, H. (2015). Contesting the Arctic: Politics and Imaginaries in the Circumpolar North. I.B. Tauris. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755619917
Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691188522
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China (2018). China’s Arctic Policy. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_pa-per/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336. htm
US Department of State (2022). Joint Statement on Arctic Council Cooperation Following Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-arctic-council-cooperation-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/
Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D. y Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences. Rand MacNally & Company.
Citado por
