Greater autonomy through closer relations with China? Revisiting the Turkey-China engagement
Greater autonomy through closer relations with China? Revisiting the Turkey-China engagement
Barra lateral del artículo
PDF (English)
FLIP
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
China se ha convertido en un importante proveedor de recursos para los países en desarrollo, abarcando capital, conocimientos técnicos y experiencias. China también ha trabajado activamente para fortalecer los lazos diplomáticos con las regiones en desarrollo desde principios de la década de 2000. En este contexto, los gobiernos de muchos países en desarrollo han tomado medidas para incorporar a China como un factor importante en sus consideraciones geopolíticas y geoeconómicas. Bajo el gobierno del Partido Justicia y Desarrollo (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP), Turquía también ha buscado fomentar las relaciones con China, particularmente desde principios de la década de 2010. Esta búsqueda se ha visto impulsada aún más por las tensas relaciones de Ankara con Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea. El liderazgo político turco veía a China como un socio potencialmente crucial que podría mejorar la autonomía del país en relación con Occidente. Si bien esta expectativa no se ha materializado del todo hasta ahora, hay un debate en curso sobre hasta qué punto China puede ser potencialmente un actor transformador en la posición de Turquía dentro del orden internacional. Este artículo contribuye a este debate al ubicar la relación entre Turquía y China en un contexto más amplio del poder y la influencia de China en el mundo en desarrollo. El documento sugiere que es probable que el potencial de cooperación de Turquía con China siga siendo relativamente limitado en el futuro previsible. Esto no se debe solo a los vínculos profundamente arraigados de Turquía con Occidente, sino también a la naturaleza del poder global de China, que es más parcial y menos profunda de lo que comúnmente se supone.
Palabras clave:
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Referencias (VER)
AIIB (2023). Our Projects. https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/list/year/All/member/T%C3%BCrkiye/sector/All/financing_type/All/status/Approved
Alemdaroğlu, A., & Tepe, S. (2020). Erdogan Is Turning Turkey into a Chinese Client State. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/16/erdogan-is-turningturkey-into-a-chinese-client-state/
Altunışık, M. B. (2022). Change in Turkey’s foreing policy: Global shifts and domestic politics. In B.J.C. McKercher (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft (pp.171-181). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003016625-17
Altunışık, M. B. (2023). The trajectory of a modified middle power: an attempt to make sense of Turkey’s foreign policy in its centennial. Turkish Studies, 24(3-4), 658-672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2022.2141624
Atlı, A. (2019). Turkey’s economic expectations from a rising China. In E. Erşen, & S. Köstem (Eds.) Turkey’s Pivot to Eurasia (pp. 79-92). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429023064-6
Atlı, A., & Özbelli, B. (2023). Turkey between the east and the west: Political preference or pragmatism? Marmara Universitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(2), 394-411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14782/marmarasbd.1058937
Breslin, S. (2015). China’s global power/China as a global power. In J.H. Chung (Ed.), Assessing China’s power (pp. 231-250). Palgrave Macmillan US. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137534613_11
Cao, D. (2021). Xi calls for expansion of global partnerships. China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201909/09/WS5d754883a310cf3e-3556a5bd.html
Çelik, E. (2017). Turkish Deputy PM to meet investors in China. Yeni Şafak. https://www.yenisafak.com/en/economy/turkish-deputy-pm-to-meetinvestors-in-china-2890577
China Global Investment Tracker. (2023). American Enterprise Institute. https://www.aei.org/chinaglobal-investment-tracker/
Çolakoğlu, S. (2019). China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Turkey’s Middle Corridor: A Question of Compatibility. https://www.mei.edu/publications/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-andturkeys-middle-corridor-question-compatibility#_ftnref1
de Renzio, P., & Seifert, J. (2014). South–South cooperation and the future of development assistance: mapping actors and options. Third World Quarterly, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2014.971603
(10), 1860-1875.
Demir, D. (2023). Turkey–China partnership: Is Beijing’s Belt and Road Initiative not delivering enough? Global Voices. https://globalvoices.org/2023/03/15/turkey-china-partnership-isbeijings-belt-and-road-initiative-not-deliveringenough/
Doshi, R. (2021). The long game: China’s grand strategy to displace American order. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197527917.001.0001
Eisenman, J., & Heginbotham, E. (2018). China’s evolving power, position, and influence in the developing world. In J. Eisenman, & E. Heginbotham (Eds.), China steps out: Beijing’s major power engagement with the developing world (pp.223-256). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315472652-9
Eliküçük Yıldırım, N. (2021). Rigid boundaries between Turkey and China: Is political mobility possible? Turkish Studies, 22(1), 28-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2020.1716191
Erdoğan, R.T. (2017). A New Era will be Heralded in Our Region Based on Stability and Prosperity. Presidency of the Republic of Turkiye. https://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/75199/a-new-era-willbe-heralded-in-our-region-based-on-stabilityand-prosperity
Erdoğan, R. T. (2019). Turkey, China share a vision for future. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1156357.shtml
Ergenç, C., & Göçer, D. (2022). BRI Engagement and state transformation in the Middle East: A case study on Turkey. In D. Pavlicevic, & N. Talmacs (Eds.), The China Question: Contestations and Adaptations (pp. 93-112). Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9105-8_5
Ergenç, C., & Göçer, D. (2023). China’s Response to Türkiye’s Volatile Authoritarianism. Carnegie Endowment. https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/05/05/china-s-response-to-t-rkiye-svolatile-authoritarianism-pub-89690
Ergin, S. (2023). Çin ile ilişkiler neden yavaşlamaya girdi? Hurriyet. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/sedat-ergin/cin-ile-iliskiler-neden-yavaslamayagirdi-42199470
Fallon, T. (2015). The new silk road: Xi Jinping’s grand strategy for Eurasia. American Foreign Policy Interests, 37(3), 140-147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10803920.2015.1056682
Gilley, B., & O’Neil, A. (2014). China’s rise through the prism of middle powers. In B. Gilley, & A. O’Neil (Eds.), Middle powers and the rise of China (pp.1-22). Georgetown University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7zswkb.5
Global Development Policy Center. (2023). China’s Overseas Development Finance Database. http://www.bu.edu/gdp/chinas-overseas-developmentfinance/.
Goldman, D. P. (2018). China will buy Turkey on the cheap. Asia Times. https://asiatimes.com/2018/08/china-will-buy-turkey-on-thecheap/
Goodfellow, T., & Huang, Z. (2021). Contingent infrastructure and the dilution of ‘Chineseness’: Reframing roads and rail in Kampala and Addis Ababa. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 53(4), 655-674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X20967962
Güneylioğlu, M. (2022). The Turkey-China rapprochement in the context of the BRI: A geoeconomic perspective. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 76(5), 546-574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2022.2076805
Gürel, B., & Kozluca, M. (2022). Chinese investment in Turkey: The Belt and Road Initiative, rising expectations and ground realities. European Review, 30(6), 806-834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1062798721000296
Hung, H. F. (2022). Clash of Empires: From’ Chimerica’ to the ‘New Cold War’. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108895897
International Service for Human Rights. (2022). China must release Uyghurs, end grave violations, rules UN committee. https://ishr.ch/latest-updates/china-must-release-uyghurs-end-grave-violations-rules-un-committee/
Jenkins, R. (2019). How China is Reshaping the Global Economy: Development Impacts in Africa and Latin America. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738510.001.0001
Jones, L., & Zeng, J. (2019). Understanding China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’: beyond ‘grand strategy’ to a state transformation analysis. Third World Quarterly, 40(8), 1415-1439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1559046
Karakaya, K., & Kandermir, A. (2019). Turkey Got a $1 Billion Foreign Cash Boost From China in June. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-09/turkey-got-1-billionfrom-china-swap-in-june-boost-to-reserves?in_source=embedded-checkout-banner
Kirshner, J. (2014). American power after the financial crisis. Cornell University Press.
Kitchen, N., & Cox, M. (2019). Power, structural power, and American decline. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 32(6), 734-752. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1606158
Köstem, S. (2019). Turkey and the Asian infrastructure investment bank: Economic pragmatism meets geopolitics. Global Policy, 10(4), 645-652. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12741
Kraemer, R. (2021). Courting danger, Erdoğan ramps up reliance on China. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/courting-dangererdogan-ramps-reliance-china
Kutlay, M., & Öniş, Z. (2021). Turkish foreign policy in a post-western order: Strategic autonomy or new forms of dependence? International Affairs, 97(4), 1085-1104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab094
Lee, C. K. (2022). Global China at 20: Why, how and so what? The China Quarterly, 250, 313-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741022000686
Li, Q., & Ye, M. (2019). China’s emerging partnership network: what, who, where, when and why. International Trade, Politics and Development, 3(2), 66-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ITPD-05-2019-0004
Markey, D. (2020). China’s western horizon: Beijing and the new geopolitics of Eurasia. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680190.001.0001
Murphy, D. C. (2022). China’s Rise in the Global South: The Middle East, Africa, and Beijing’s Alternative World Order. Stanford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503630604
Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2022). OHCHR Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. People’s Republic of China. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/2022-08-31/22-08-31-final-assesment.pdf
Oğuzlu, H. T. (2020). Turkish foreign policy in a changing world order. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace, 9(1), 127-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.464076
Öniş, Z., & Yalikun, M. (2021). Emerging partnership in a post-Western world? The political economy of China-Turkey relations. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 21(4), 507-529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2021.1981624
Özşahin, M. C., Donelli, F., & Gasco, R. (2022). China–Turkey Relations from the Perspective of Neoclassical Realism. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 9(2), 218-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23477989211062659
Ray, R., & Simmons, B. A. (2020). Tracking China’s Overseas Development Finance. Boston University Global Development Policy Center. https://www.bu.edu/gdp/2020/12/07/tracking-chinasoverseas-development-finance/
Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2016). Press Release Regarding the Support Visit of Mr. Zhang Ming, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, to Turkey. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-176_-3-august-2016_-pressrelease-regarding-the-support-visit-of-mr_-zhangming_-deputy-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-thepeople_s-republic-of-china_-to-turkey.en.mfa
Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (n.d.). Türkiye’s Multilateral Transportation Policy. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-multilateraltransportation-policy.en.mfa
Reuters. (2016). Fed up with EU, Erdogan says Turkey could join Shanghai bloc. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-europe-erdogan-idUSKBN13F0CY
Roberts, C., Armijo, L. E., & Katada, S. N. (2017). The BRICS and Collective Financial Statecraft. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697518.001.0001
Rolland, N. (2020). China’s vision for a new world order. National Bureau of Asian Research.
Shambaugh, D. (2013). China Goes Global: The Partial Power. Oxford University Press.
Shambaugh, D. (2018). US-China rivalry in Southeast Asia: Power shift or competitive coexistence? International Security, 42(4), 85-127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00314
Shambaugh, D. (2020). China’s long march to global power. In D. Shambaugh (Ed.) China and the World (pp. 3-21). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190062316.003.0001
Shichor, Y. (2014). Turkey and China in the post-Cold War world: Great expectations. In B. Gilley, &.A. O’Neil (Eds.), Middle powers and the rise of China (pp. 192-212). Georgetown University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt7zswkb.14
Şimşek, Ö. F., & Ayvaz, E. (2021). Türkiye’den Çin›e gidecek6’ncı ve 7’nci ihracat trenleri Kocaeli’den yolaçıktı. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/turkiyeden-cine-gidecek-6nci-ve-7nciihracat-trenleri-kocaeliden-yola-cikti/2252574
Strange, S. (1994). States and markets (2nd ed.). Continuum.
Tekdal, V. (2019). Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi ve Türkiye. In M. Yağcı, & C. Bakır (Eds.), Cin Bilmecesi Cin›in Ekonomik Yukselişi, Uluslararası İlişkilerde Donuşum ve Turkiye (pp. 125-142). Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
Tekdal, V. (2022). Taking the power shift seriously: China and the transformation of power relations in development cooperation. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 76(5), 596-616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2022.2084708
Turton, S (2020). Beijing-friendly Cambodia and Laos pushed out to ASEAN’s fringe. Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Internationalrelations/Beijing-friendly-Cambodia-and-Laospushed-out-to-ASEAN-s-fringe2
Üngör, Ç. (2019). Heading towards the East? Sino- Turkish relations after the July 15 coup attempt. In E. Erşen, & S. Köstem (Eds.), Turkey’s Pivot to Eurasia (pp. 64-78). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429023064-5
Üngör, Ç. (2023). Chinese vaccine diplomacy in the eastern mediterranean: Continuities and rupture in Beijing’s soft power prospects. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 10(1), 62-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23477989221143276
Wang, B., & Li, X. (2017). From world factory to world investor: the new way of China integrating into the world. China Economic Journal, 10(2), 175- 193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17538963.2017.1320047
Wang, J., & Sampson, M. (2021). China’s approach to global economic governance: From the WTO to the AIIB. Chatham House and Leiden Asia Centre, Briefing Paper.
WITS. (n.d.). Turkey exports by country 2021. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/TUR/Year/2021/TradeFlow/Export
World Bank. (n.d.). GDP (current US$) - United States, China, World. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=US-CN-1W
Ye, M. (2020). The Belt Road and beyond: state-mobilized globalization in China: 1998–2018. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108855389
Yu, H. (2021). China-Turkey strategic docking and cooperation under the belt and road Initiative: Progress, Challenges and Prospects. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 15(2), 254-273. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/25765949.2021.1928411
Citado por
