Crisis monetarias y crisis de deuda en América Latina, 1870-1957

Monetary crises and debt crises in Latin America, 1870-1957

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Una de las razones por las cuales muchos países han decidido mantener regímenes de tipos de cambio fijo ha sido el miedo a la flotación cambiaria. Esta aversión proviene de la idea de que la inestabilidad monetaria afecta la capacidad de pago de un país, sobre todo si la composición de la deuda es mayoritariamente en moneda extranjera. Mientras que la literatura se ha enfocado en periodos cortos y recientes, este artículo adopta un enfoque de largo plazo, y analiza el vínculo entre las crisis de deuda y las crisis monetarias entre 1870 y 1957, en una muestra de países de América Latina. Encontramos que la poca estabilidad cambiaria tuvo efectos contrastantes sobre la frecuencia de las crisis de deuda. Mientras que en el siglo XIX el tipo de cambio tuvo efectos modestos sobre la ocurrencia de defaults, en el periodo de entreguerras el tipo de cambio no tiene ninguna incidencia sobre de la decisión de los gobiernos estudiados para hacer default. De hecho, por lo general, las frecuentes crisis de deuda en el siglo XIX no coinciden con las crisis monetarias. En ambos periodos, el nivel de deuda pública respecto al producto interno bruto (PIB) y, en cierta medida, el comportamiento de los términos de intercambio, fueron variables más importantes. Finalmente mostramos que, en el periodo posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la estabilización monetaria antecedió a las negociaciones con los bonistas de deuda mucho tiempo. Esta perspectiva de largo plazo sirve para relativizar la importancia de la estabilidad cambiaria sobre el riesgo de default.

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