The fight for fairer democracies Quality of Democracy and the Rule of Law in El Salvador and Guatemala
La lucha por democracias más justas. Calidad de la democracia y Estado de derecho en El Salvador y Guatemala
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Gutiérrez Salazar, M.L. 2015. The fight for fairer democracies Quality of Democracy and the Rule of Law in El Salvador and Guatemala. Opera. 17, 17 (Dec. 2015), 67–81. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18601/16578651.n17.04.
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Abstract
With the objective of diving into a wider study on the influence of social actors in the judicial protection of Human Rights, the present work presents a methodological proposal to empirically explore the way in which non-governmental organizations influence the dissemination of Human Rights norms among judicial actors at a national level. It also presents an analysis of judicial Independence in Guatemala and El Salvador, in terms of institutional design. This last issue in the hope that larger institutional guarantees will make the judicial protection of Human Rights more feasible, which would also positively affect the state of rule of law and the quality of democracy.
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Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador (1984). Ley Orgánica Judicial, D.L. n.° 123, de 6 de junio de 1984. Diario Oficial (115). Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador (1990). Ley de la Carrera Judicial, D.L. n.° 536, de 12 de julio de 1990. Diario Oficial (182).
Collins, C. (2012). The End of Impunity? ‘Late Justice’ and Post-Transitional Prosecutions in Latin America. En Palmer, N., Clark, P. y Granville, D. (eds.). Critical Perspectives in Transitional Justice (pp. 399-423). Oxford Transitional Justice Research. Cambridge: Intersentia Publishing Ltd.
Collins, C. (2006). Grounding Global Justice: International Networks and Domestic Human Rights Accountability in Chile and El Salvador. Journal of Latin American Studies, 38 (4), 711-738.
Collins, C. (2010). Post-transitional Justice. Human Rights Trials in Chile and El Salvador. Pennsylvania: Penn State Press.
Constitución Política de El Salvador.
Constitución Política de Guatemala.
Diamond, L. J. y Morlino, L. (eds.) (2005). Assessing the Quality of Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Díaz Rivillas, B. y Linares, S. (2005). Fortalecimiento de la independencia judicial en Centroamérica: un balance tras veinte años de reformas. América Latina Hoy, 39, 47-96.
Due Process of Law Foundation (dplf) (2013a). Ley vs. Realidad. Independencia y transparencia de la justicia en Centroamérica y Panamá. Informe de Guatemala.
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Epstein, L.; Knight, J. y Shvetsova, O. (2000). The Role of Constitutional Courts in the Establishment and Maintenance of Democratic Systems of Government. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Washington D.C.
González Ocantos, E. (2014). Persuade Them or Oust Them: Crafting Judicial Change and Transitional Justice in Argentina. Comparative Politics, 46 (4), 479-498.
Gutiérrez Salazar, M. L. (2015). Justicia Pos-Transicional en Guatemala: el rol de los jueces en la protección de derechos humanos. Revista de Ciencia Política, 35 (2), 347-370.
Helmke, G. y Staton, J. K. (2010). El rompecabezas de la política judicial en América Latina: una teoría sobre el litigio, las decisiones judiciales y los conflictos entre poderes. En Helmke, G. y Ríos-Figueroa, J. (eds.). Tribunales Constitucionales en América Latina (pp. 515-558). México: Suprema Corte de Justicia.
Helmke, G. y Sanders, M. S. (2006). Modeling Motivations: A Method for Inferring Judicial Goals from Behavior. The Journal of Politics, 68 (4), 867-878.
Hilbink, L. (2007). Judges beyond Politics in Democracy and Dictatorship. Lessons from Chile. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Huntington, S. (1994). La Tercera Ola. La democratización a finales del siglo xx. Barcelona: Paidós.
International idea (2010). Philippine Democracy Assessment. Rule of Law and Access to Justice. Quezón: idea Internacional.
Kapiszewski, D. (2009). Tactical balancing and Prioritizing Pragmatism: High Court Decision-making on Economic Policy Cases in Brazil. Paper prepared for delivery at the conference Judicial Politics in Latin America. México D.F.: cide.
Kapiszewski, D. y Taylor, M. (2008). Doing Courts Justice? Studying Judicial Politics in Latin America. En Perspectives on Politics (pp. 741-767). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keck, M. E. y Sikkink, K. (1998). Activist beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca y London: Cornell University Press.
Knight, J. y Epstein, L. (1996). On the struggle for Judicial Supremacy. Law & Society Review, 30 (1), 87-120.
Knight, J. y Epstein, L. (1996). The Norm of Stare Decisis. American Journal of Political Science, 40 (4), 1019-1935.
Lessa, F., Olsen, T., Payne, L., Pereira, G. y Reiter, A. (2014). Overcoming Impunity: Pathways to Accountability in Latin America. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1-23
.
Levine, D. H. y Molina, J. E. (eds.) (2011). The Quality of Democracy in Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Linares, S. (2004). ¿Qué es y cómo se mide la independencia judicial? Política y Gobierno, 11 (1), 73-135.
Linares, S. (2008). La ilegitimidad democrática del control judicial de las leyes. Madrid: Marcial Pons.
Maravall, J. M. (2002). The rule of law as a political weapon. En Maravall, J. M. y Przeworski, A. (eds.). Democracy and the Rule of Law (pp. 261-301). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Merry, S. E. (2006). Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle. American Anthropologist, 108 (1), 38-51.
Morlino, L. (2014). La calidad de las democracias en América Latina: Informe para el idea Internacional. Estocolmo: IDEA Internacional.
Morlino, L. (2011). Changes for Democracy. Actors, Structures and Processes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O’Donnell, G. (1994). Delegative Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 5 (1), 55-69.
Pásara, L. (2007). Estado de derecho y justicia en América Latina. Revista oficial del Poder Judicial, 1 (1), 309-323.
Pásara, L. (2004). Lecciones ¿aprendidas o por aprender? En Pásara, L (comp.). En busca de una justicia distinta. Experiencias de reforma en América Latina. México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Peruzzotti, E. y Smulovitz, C. (2006). Enforcing the rule of law: social accountability in the new Latin American democracies. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Popkin, M. (2004). Fortalecer la independencia judicial. En Pásara, L. (ed.). La experiencia latinoamericana en la reforma de la justicia. México – Lima: iij-unam e idl.
Ríos Figueroa, J. y Staton, J. (2009). Unpacking the Rule of Law: A Review of Judicial Independence Measures. México D.F.: cide.
Risse, T. y Sikkink, K. (1999). The socialization of international human rights norms in to domestic practices. En Risse, T., Roop, S. y Sikkink, K. (eds.). The power of Human Rights. International Norms and Domestic Change (pp. 1-38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rodríguez-Raga, J. C. (2011). Strategic Deference in the Colombian Constitutional Court, 1992- 2006. En Helmke, G. y Ríos-Figueroa, J. (eds.). Courts in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skaar, E. (2011). Judicial Independence and Human Rights in Latin America: Violations, Politics, and Prosecution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sommer, E. y Sekercioglu, E. (2007). Institutional antecedents of strategic judicial decision-making. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago.
Sunstein, C. (1997). Free Markets and Social Justice. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Walzer, M. (2010). Pensar políticamente. Barcelona: Paidó
Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador (1984). Ley Orgánica Judicial, D.L. n.° 123, de 6 de junio de 1984. Diario Oficial (115). Asamblea Legislativa de El Salvador (1990). Ley de la Carrera Judicial, D.L. n.° 536, de 12 de julio de 1990. Diario Oficial (182).
Collins, C. (2012). The End of Impunity? ‘Late Justice’ and Post-Transitional Prosecutions in Latin America. En Palmer, N., Clark, P. y Granville, D. (eds.). Critical Perspectives in Transitional Justice (pp. 399-423). Oxford Transitional Justice Research. Cambridge: Intersentia Publishing Ltd.
Collins, C. (2006). Grounding Global Justice: International Networks and Domestic Human Rights Accountability in Chile and El Salvador. Journal of Latin American Studies, 38 (4), 711-738.
Collins, C. (2010). Post-transitional Justice. Human Rights Trials in Chile and El Salvador. Pennsylvania: Penn State Press.
Constitución Política de El Salvador.
Constitución Política de Guatemala.
Diamond, L. J. y Morlino, L. (eds.) (2005). Assessing the Quality of Democracy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Díaz Rivillas, B. y Linares, S. (2005). Fortalecimiento de la independencia judicial en Centroamérica: un balance tras veinte años de reformas. América Latina Hoy, 39, 47-96.
Due Process of Law Foundation (dplf) (2013a). Ley vs. Realidad. Independencia y transparencia de la justicia en Centroamérica y Panamá. Informe de Guatemala.
Due Process of Law Foundation (dplf) (2013b). Ley vs. Realidad. Independencia y transparencia de la justicia en Centroamérica y Panamá. Informe de El Salvador.
Epstein, L.; Knight, J. y Martin, A. D. (2001). The Supreme Court as a Strategic National Policymaker. Emory Law Journal, 50, 583-611.
Epstein, L.; Knight, J. y Shvetsova, O. (2000). The Role of Constitutional Courts in the Establishment and Maintenance of Democratic Systems of Government. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Washington D.C.
González Ocantos, E. (2014). Persuade Them or Oust Them: Crafting Judicial Change and Transitional Justice in Argentina. Comparative Politics, 46 (4), 479-498.
Gutiérrez Salazar, M. L. (2015). Justicia Pos-Transicional en Guatemala: el rol de los jueces en la protección de derechos humanos. Revista de Ciencia Política, 35 (2), 347-370.
Helmke, G. y Staton, J. K. (2010). El rompecabezas de la política judicial en América Latina: una teoría sobre el litigio, las decisiones judiciales y los conflictos entre poderes. En Helmke, G. y Ríos-Figueroa, J. (eds.). Tribunales Constitucionales en América Latina (pp. 515-558). México: Suprema Corte de Justicia.
Helmke, G. y Sanders, M. S. (2006). Modeling Motivations: A Method for Inferring Judicial Goals from Behavior. The Journal of Politics, 68 (4), 867-878.
Hilbink, L. (2007). Judges beyond Politics in Democracy and Dictatorship. Lessons from Chile. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Huntington, S. (1994). La Tercera Ola. La democratización a finales del siglo xx. Barcelona: Paidós.
International idea (2010). Philippine Democracy Assessment. Rule of Law and Access to Justice. Quezón: idea Internacional.
Kapiszewski, D. (2009). Tactical balancing and Prioritizing Pragmatism: High Court Decision-making on Economic Policy Cases in Brazil. Paper prepared for delivery at the conference Judicial Politics in Latin America. México D.F.: cide.
Kapiszewski, D. y Taylor, M. (2008). Doing Courts Justice? Studying Judicial Politics in Latin America. En Perspectives on Politics (pp. 741-767). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keck, M. E. y Sikkink, K. (1998). Activist beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca y London: Cornell University Press.
Knight, J. y Epstein, L. (1996). On the struggle for Judicial Supremacy. Law & Society Review, 30 (1), 87-120.
Knight, J. y Epstein, L. (1996). The Norm of Stare Decisis. American Journal of Political Science, 40 (4), 1019-1935.
Lessa, F., Olsen, T., Payne, L., Pereira, G. y Reiter, A. (2014). Overcoming Impunity: Pathways to Accountability in Latin America. The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1-23
.
Levine, D. H. y Molina, J. E. (eds.) (2011). The Quality of Democracy in Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
Linares, S. (2004). ¿Qué es y cómo se mide la independencia judicial? Política y Gobierno, 11 (1), 73-135.
Linares, S. (2008). La ilegitimidad democrática del control judicial de las leyes. Madrid: Marcial Pons.
Maravall, J. M. (2002). The rule of law as a political weapon. En Maravall, J. M. y Przeworski, A. (eds.). Democracy and the Rule of Law (pp. 261-301). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Merry, S. E. (2006). Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle. American Anthropologist, 108 (1), 38-51.
Morlino, L. (2014). La calidad de las democracias en América Latina: Informe para el idea Internacional. Estocolmo: IDEA Internacional.
Morlino, L. (2011). Changes for Democracy. Actors, Structures and Processes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O’Donnell, G. (1994). Delegative Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 5 (1), 55-69.
Pásara, L. (2007). Estado de derecho y justicia en América Latina. Revista oficial del Poder Judicial, 1 (1), 309-323.
Pásara, L. (2004). Lecciones ¿aprendidas o por aprender? En Pásara, L (comp.). En busca de una justicia distinta. Experiencias de reforma en América Latina. México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Peruzzotti, E. y Smulovitz, C. (2006). Enforcing the rule of law: social accountability in the new Latin American democracies. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Popkin, M. (2004). Fortalecer la independencia judicial. En Pásara, L. (ed.). La experiencia latinoamericana en la reforma de la justicia. México – Lima: iij-unam e idl.
Ríos Figueroa, J. y Staton, J. (2009). Unpacking the Rule of Law: A Review of Judicial Independence Measures. México D.F.: cide.
Risse, T. y Sikkink, K. (1999). The socialization of international human rights norms in to domestic practices. En Risse, T., Roop, S. y Sikkink, K. (eds.). The power of Human Rights. International Norms and Domestic Change (pp. 1-38). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rodríguez-Raga, J. C. (2011). Strategic Deference in the Colombian Constitutional Court, 1992- 2006. En Helmke, G. y Ríos-Figueroa, J. (eds.). Courts in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skaar, E. (2011). Judicial Independence and Human Rights in Latin America: Violations, Politics, and Prosecution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sommer, E. y Sekercioglu, E. (2007). Institutional antecedents of strategic judicial decision-making. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Chicago.
Sunstein, C. (1997). Free Markets and Social Justice. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Walzer, M. (2010). Pensar políticamente. Barcelona: Paidó
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