Planning on law: Fair and just in the division of benefits. The case of genetic resources in the high seas (water column)
Planning on law: Fair and just in the division of benefits. The case of genetic resources in the high seas (water column)
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Peña Neira, S. 2018. Planning on law: Fair and just in the division of benefits. The case of genetic resources in the high seas (water column). Revista Derecho del Estado. 41 (may 2018), 227–253. DOI:https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n41.09.
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How to define sharing benefits from Marine Genetic Resources in the High Seas (water column) as equitable and just? Supposedly, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, international custom and the Convention on Biological Diversity do not rule Marine Genetic Resources in the High Seas as far as sharing benefits is concerned. The basic feature of international law and its sub-disciplines (of environment, investment, conflict resolution), subjects, and objects has to do with its content whatever the validity from international law as such or national law and the content based on sense and limits by interpretation and application (internationally and nationally). Interpreting international legal rules is only possible utilizing the elements established by international law, one is the systematically interpretation considering all and certain legal rules as foundations of the international legal system.
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Referencias (VER)
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Fitzmaurice, M. (2002). The identification and character of treaties and treaty obligations between States in international law. British Yearbook of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Franck, T. (1997). Fairness in International Law and Institutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gardner, J. Law as a leap of faith. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Glowka, L., Burhenne-Guilmin, F., and Synge, H., in collaboration with McNeely, J. and Gundling, L. (1994). A Guide to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Environmental Policy and Law Paper, No. 30. Gland: World Conservation Union.
Glöckner, F. O. (2007). Marine microbial diversity and genomics. United Nations open ended informal consultative process on oceans and the Law of the Sea. 8th Meeting. New York.
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Mugabe, J., Barber, Ch. V., Henne, G., Glowka, L., and La Vina, A. (1997). Managing access to genetic resources. In: Mugabe, J. et al. Access to genetic resources. Nairobi: acts Press.
Oldham, P., Hall, S., Barnes, C., Oldham, C., Cutter, M., Burns, N., and Kindness, L. (2014). Valuing the deep: Marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Defra Contract. MB 0128 Final Report Version One. London: Defra.
Orrego Vicuña, F. (2004). The changing international law of high seas fisheries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Pauwelyn, J. (2003). Conflict of norms in Public International Law: How WTO law relates to other rules of International Law. Cambridge University Press.
Pellet, A. (2000). State sovereignty and the protection of fundamental rights: An international law perspective. Pugwash Ocassional Papers.
Peña Neira, S. (2015). Equitableness and justice in sharing benefits. Outcomes from the International Law of sustainable development in the CBD (Act locally). Article presented to the Conference Biodiversity, Sustainable Development and the Law. Cambridge.
Peña Neira, S. (2001). On the interpretation and application of article 9 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Peña Neira, S. (2013). La equidad en la utilización de los recursos genéticos naturales. Defendiendo los derechos de sujetos internacionales: interpretación y aplicación y derecho comparado. Universidad Internacional de Andalucía.
Poniatowski, B. (Ed.). (2004). Globalization with a human face: Benefitting all. Paris: UNESCO-UNU.
Prost, M., and Torres Camprubi, A. (2012). Against fairness? International Environmental Law, disciplinary bias, and Pareto Justice. Leiden Journal of International Law. Vol. 25, No. 2, June 2012, 379-396.
Rammana-Pathak, A. (2015). Intellectual Property Rights access to genetic resources and Indian shrimp aquaculture: Evolving policy responses to globalization. The Journal of World Intellectual Property. Vol. 18, No. 1-2, 41-64.
Raz, J. (1985). El estado de derecho y su virtud. In: Raz, J. Autoridad del derecho. (R. Tamayo Salmorán, trad. México, D.F.: UNAM.
Raz, J. (1979). The authority of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rivacoba, M. (1997). Apuntes de Seminario. Universidad de Valparaíso.
Salpin, Ch. (2013). Marine genetic resources and the Law of the Sea. New York: Division of Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations.
Sánchez, V. (1994). The Convention on Biological Diversity: Negotiations and contents. In:
Sánchez, V., and Juma, C. Biodiplomacy: Genetic resources and International Relations. Nairobi: acts Press.
Sands, P. (2003). Principles of International Environmental Law. 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press.
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Slaterry, M. (2007). Marine genetic resources: Experiences in commercialization. United Nations open ended informal consultative process on oceans and the Law of the Sea. 8th Meeting. New York.
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United Nations Organization. (2008). Ad hoc open ended informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. New York.
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European Parliament. (2014). Towards a possible international agreement on marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Directorate General for Internal Policies. Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. Brussels.
University of Stanford. (2003). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford. Legal Obligation and Authority. Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-obligation/
United Nations Organization. (1966). International Covenant for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York. International Court of Justice. (2014). Whaling in the Antarctica (Australia versus Japan).
Vogel, J. H. (2007). From the “tragedy of the commons” to the “tragedy of the commonplace”: Analysis and synthesis through the lens of the economic theory. In: McManis, C. (Ed.). Biodiversity and the Law (Intellectual property, biotechnology and traditional knowledge). London: Earthscan.
Van Asselt, H. (2012). International environmental law: Forests at the intersection of the climate and biodiversity regimes. International Law and Politics. Vol. 44.
WYSS Institute. (2017). Robotic exploration and sampling of the Midwater Ocean. Boston: University of Harvard, 15 of February. Available at: https://wyss.harvard.edu/event/robotic-exploration-and-sampling-of-the-midwater-ocean/
Wolfrum, R., and Matz, N. (2000). The interplay of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on Biological Diversity. In: Frowein, J. and Wolfrum, R. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law. Dordrecht: Kluwer Law.
World Trade Organization. (1996). International Treaty on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights. Geneve.
World Trade Organization. (1996). International Treaty on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights. Geneve.
World Trade Organization. (2004). Article 273b, traditional knowledge, biodiversity. Geneve.
Zandler, E. (2004), Cases and Materials on the English Legal System. Cambridge.
Aristotle. (2004). Nichomaquean Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge Texts on History of Philosophy (Roger Crisp, ed.).
Atria, F. (2005). Creación y aplicación del derecho: entre el formalismo y el escepticismo. In: Atria, F. et al., Lagunas en el derecho. Marcial Pons.
Barnes, R. (2009). Property rights and natural resources. Oxford: Hart.
Benevenisty, E. (2002). Sharing transboundary resources: International Law and Optimal Resource Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brownlie, I. (1998). The Rule of Law in International Affairs. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Brownlie, I. (1998). Principles of International Law. 5th Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Crawford, J. (2013). Brownlie’s Principles of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cordonier-Segger, M. C. (2007). ¿Globalización sustentable? ¿Desafíos para el derecho y la política local? Santiago de Chile: Universidad de Chile.
Dyzenhaus, D. (2001). Hobbes and the Legitimacy of Law. Law and Philosophy 20: 461-498.
Engish, K. (2001). Introducción al pensamiento jurídico. Granada: Comares, 2001.
European Union. (2014). Regulation (EU) No. 511/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on compliance measures for users from the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising from their Utilization in the Union. Brussels, 2014.
Fitzmaurice, M. (2002). The identification and character of treaties and treaty obligations between States in international law. British Yearbook of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Franck, T. (1997). Fairness in International Law and Institutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gardner, J. Law as a leap of faith. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Glowka, L., Burhenne-Guilmin, F., and Synge, H., in collaboration with McNeely, J. and Gundling, L. (1994). A Guide to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Environmental Policy and Law Paper, No. 30. Gland: World Conservation Union.
Glöckner, F. O. (2007). Marine microbial diversity and genomics. United Nations open ended informal consultative process on oceans and the Law of the Sea. 8th Meeting. New York.
Gourgourinis, A. (2011). The distinction between interpretation and application of norms in international adjudication. Journal of International Dispute Settlement. Vol. 2, No. 1.
Greenpeace. (2005). Black holes in the deep ocean: Closing the legal voids in the High Seas. Amsterdam.
Grinsbeger, M. (1999). Biodiversity and the concept of farmer’s rights in International Law. Berne: Peter Lang.
Hart, H. (2012). A concept of Law, 3rd Ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hart, H. (1998). A concept of Law, 2nd Ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Heafey, E. (2014). Access and benefit sharing from marine genetic resources from areas beyond national jurisdiction: Intellectual Property, friend not foe. Chicago Journal of International Law. Vol. 14: No. 2.
Henne, G. (1997). Mutually agreed terms: Requirements under Public International Law. In: Mugabe, J. et al. Access to genetic resources. Nairobi: acts Press.
International Court of Justice. (2014). Peru v. Chile. The Hague, 24 of January.
International Court of Justice. (1949). Reparation for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations. Advisory Opinion. ICJ Reports.
International Court of Justice. (2014). Whaling in the Antarctica (Australia versus Japan). International Court of Justice. (2014). Peru v. Chile. The Hague.
Johnston, S. (1997). North-South tensions within the Convention on Biological Diversity: A case study. In: Basse, E. M. Environmental Law (From International to National Law). Copenhagen: Gad Jura.
Johnston, S., Barber, Ch., and Tobin, B. (2003). User measures: Options for developing measures in user countries to implement the access and benefit sharing provision of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Tokyo: United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies.
Kelsen, H. (2012). Teoría pura del derecho. México, D.F.: UNAM, 1982.
Kelsen, H. (2007). General Theory of Law and the State. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Kelsen, H. (1943). El contrato y el tratado desde la perspectiva de la Teoría pura del derecho. México, D.F.: Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia.
Kennedy, D. (2002). Law and developments. In: Hatchard, J., and Perry-Kesaris, A. Law and development: Facing complexity in the 21st Century (Essays in honour of Peter Slinn). London: Cavendish Publishing.
Kingdom of the Netherlands. (2015). Urgenda Foundation versus The Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Hague District Court has ruled today that the State must take more action to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions in the Netherlands. The State also has to ensure that the Dutch emissions in the year 2020 will be at least 25% lower than those in 1990. C/09/4566689/haza 13-1396. 24 June.
Korn, H., Friedrich, S., and Feit, U. (2003). Deep sea genetic resources in the context of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Berlin: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation.
Larenz, K. (2001). Metodología de la ciencia del derecho. 2.nd Ed. Barcelona: Ariel Derecho.
Malanczuk, P. (1997). Ackehurst’s modern introduction to International Law. 7nd Ed. London and New York: Routledge.
McConnel, F. (1996). The Biodiversity Convention: A negotiation history. Dordrecht: Kluwer Law International.
Monteiro-Neto, C. (2007). Marine genetic resources, current and future challenges, social and economics aspects. United Nations open ended informal consultative process on oceans and the Law of the Sea. 8th Meeting. New York.
Mugabe, J., Barber, Ch. V., Henne, G., Glowka, L., and La Vina, A. (1997). Managing access to genetic resources. In: Mugabe, J. et al. Access to genetic resources. Nairobi: acts Press.
Oldham, P., Hall, S., Barnes, C., Oldham, C., Cutter, M., Burns, N., and Kindness, L. (2014). Valuing the deep: Marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Defra Contract. MB 0128 Final Report Version One. London: Defra.
Orrego Vicuña, F. (2004). The changing international law of high seas fisheries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paulus, A. (2007). The emergence of the International Community and the divide between international and domestic law. In: Nollkaemper, A. and Nijman, J. E. (Eds.). New perspectives on the divide between International Law and National Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pauwelyn, J. (2003). Conflict of norms in Public International Law: How WTO law relates to other rules of International Law. Cambridge University Press.
Pellet, A. (2000). State sovereignty and the protection of fundamental rights: An international law perspective. Pugwash Ocassional Papers.
Peña Neira, S. (2015). Equitableness and justice in sharing benefits. Outcomes from the International Law of sustainable development in the CBD (Act locally). Article presented to the Conference Biodiversity, Sustainable Development and the Law. Cambridge.
Peña Neira, S. (2001). On the interpretation and application of article 9 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Peña Neira, S. (2013). La equidad en la utilización de los recursos genéticos naturales. Defendiendo los derechos de sujetos internacionales: interpretación y aplicación y derecho comparado. Universidad Internacional de Andalucía.
Poniatowski, B. (Ed.). (2004). Globalization with a human face: Benefitting all. Paris: UNESCO-UNU.
Prost, M., and Torres Camprubi, A. (2012). Against fairness? International Environmental Law, disciplinary bias, and Pareto Justice. Leiden Journal of International Law. Vol. 25, No. 2, June 2012, 379-396.
Rammana-Pathak, A. (2015). Intellectual Property Rights access to genetic resources and Indian shrimp aquaculture: Evolving policy responses to globalization. The Journal of World Intellectual Property. Vol. 18, No. 1-2, 41-64.
Raz, J. (1985). El estado de derecho y su virtud. In: Raz, J. Autoridad del derecho. (R. Tamayo Salmorán, trad. México, D.F.: UNAM.
Raz, J. (1979). The authority of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rivacoba, M. (1997). Apuntes de Seminario. Universidad de Valparaíso.
Salpin, Ch. (2013). Marine genetic resources and the Law of the Sea. New York: Division of Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations.
Sánchez, V. (1994). The Convention on Biological Diversity: Negotiations and contents. In:
Sánchez, V., and Juma, C. Biodiplomacy: Genetic resources and International Relations. Nairobi: acts Press.
Sands, P. (2003). Principles of International Environmental Law. 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press.
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. (2001). Handbook of the Convention on Biological Diversity. CBD, UN , UNEP. London: Earthscan Publications.
Schrijver, N. (1995). Sovereignty over natural resources: Balancing rights and duties in an interdependent world. Groningen: University Library Groningen.
Schwarte, C. (2004). Environmental concerns in the adjudication of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Georgetown International Environmental Law Review. Spring; 16, 3 abi/inform Global.
Slaterry, M. (2007). Marine genetic resources: Experiences in commercialization. United Nations open ended informal consultative process on oceans and the Law of the Sea. 8th Meeting. New York.
Stone, C. (1997). Stemming the loss of biological diversity: The institutional and ethical contours. RECIEL. Vol. 6, No. 3.
The Royal Swedish Academy of Science. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008. Nobelprize.org Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 29 Jun 2015. Available at: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/ laureates/2008/press.html/
Thompson, C. (2004). International Law of the Sea/Seed: Public domain versus private commodity. Natural Resources Journal. Vol. 44, Summer.
United Nations Environmental Program. (1972). Stockholm Declaration of Environment and Development. Stockholm: United Nations Environmental Program.
United Nations Organization. (1966). International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. New York.
United Nations Organization. (1966). International Covenant for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York.
United Nations Organization. (1969). Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (with annex). Concluded at Vienna on 23 May. United Nations Treaty Series. Vol. 1155, I-18232.
United Nations Organization. (1973). Convention on Trade Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Geneve.
United Nations Organization. (1984). Convention on the Law of the Sea. Montego Bay. Available
at: http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/closindx.htm
United Nations Organization. (1992). Convention on Biological Diversity. Rio de Janeiro.
United Nations Organization. (1992). Convention on Biological Diversity. New York.
United Nations Organization. (2008). Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its fifty-third session. New York.
United Nations Organization. (2008). Ad hoc open ended informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. New York.
United Nations Organization. (2011). Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising from their utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
United Nations Organization. (2013). General Assembly number A/Res/67/212 of 15 of March.
European Parliament. (2014). Towards a possible international agreement on marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Directorate General for Internal Policies. Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety. Brussels.
University of Stanford. (2003). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford. Legal Obligation and Authority. Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-obligation/
United Nations Organization. (1966). International Covenant for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York. International Court of Justice. (2014). Whaling in the Antarctica (Australia versus Japan).
Vogel, J. H. (2007). From the “tragedy of the commons” to the “tragedy of the commonplace”: Analysis and synthesis through the lens of the economic theory. In: McManis, C. (Ed.). Biodiversity and the Law (Intellectual property, biotechnology and traditional knowledge). London: Earthscan.
Van Asselt, H. (2012). International environmental law: Forests at the intersection of the climate and biodiversity regimes. International Law and Politics. Vol. 44.
WYSS Institute. (2017). Robotic exploration and sampling of the Midwater Ocean. Boston: University of Harvard, 15 of February. Available at: https://wyss.harvard.edu/event/robotic-exploration-and-sampling-of-the-midwater-ocean/
Wolfrum, R., and Matz, N. (2000). The interplay of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on Biological Diversity. In: Frowein, J. and Wolfrum, R. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law. Dordrecht: Kluwer Law.
World Trade Organization. (1996). International Treaty on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights. Geneve.
World Trade Organization. (1996). International Treaty on Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights. Geneve.
World Trade Organization. (2004). Article 273b, traditional knowledge, biodiversity. Geneve.
Zandler, E. (2004), Cases and Materials on the English Legal System. Cambridge.
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