Reformas (in)constitucionales basadas en acuerdos de paz
(Un)constitutional Change Rooted in Peace Agreements
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Los acuerdos de paz que buscan poner fin a conflictos armados internos suelen estar precedidos de modificaciones constitucionales radicales. Más de 100 acuerdos de paz concluidos desde 1989 contienen disposiciones relacionadas con la reforma constitucional. Cuando tales reformas constitucionales están concebidas dentro del marco de una Constitución existente, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en el caso de la creación de una nueva Constitución, los acuerdos alcanzados con tanto esfuerzo entre las partes firmantes están expuestos al “desafío de inconstitucionalidad”. Aunque existe abundante literatura sobre la elaboración de una nueva Constitución durante las transiciones del conflicto a la paz, la implementación de un acuerdo de paz dentro de un marco constitucional existente y el “desafío de inconstitucionalidad” de las reformas para la paz no han sido examinados en su totalidad hasta la fecha. En este artículo identificamos primero las modalidades en las cuales el “desafío de inconstitucionalidad” se dirige a un cambio constitucional originado en acuerdos de paz. El análisis lo realizamos a través de un estudio comparado y con especial referencia a los procesos de paz en Colombia (con las FARC-EP) y en Filipinas (conflicto Mindanao). Luego, examinamos las promesas y las limitaciones de tres estrategias jurídicas para abordar el desafío de inconstitucionalidad, a saber: (i) acudir al derecho internacional en el examen de inconstitucionalidad, (ii) adoptar el transicionalismo en el control judicial y (iii) atribuir un estatus jurídico supraconstitucional o internacional a los acuerdos de paz. Concluimos que mientras cada estrategia tiene algún mérito, su efectividad puede verse limitada cuando carecen de viabilidad jurídica o política. La resultante insolubilidad del desafío de inconstitucionalidad, particularmente en jurisdicciones donde existe un fuerte compromiso con el legalismo, justifica un replanteamiento del vínculo entre la construcción de la paz y la reforma constitucional, y señala la importancia de tomar en serio los marcos constitucionales existentes en los países en transición.
Palabras clave:
cambio constitucional,
conflictos armados,
reforma constitucional,
Constitución,
desafío de inconstitucionalidad de la paz,
cambios constitucionales basados en acuerdos de paz,
justicia transicional,
derecho internacional,
control judicial,
ponderación de la paz,
supraconstitucionalidad,
legalismo
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