El rol de la excepción de minerías de datos en la inteligencia artificial (IA) generativa – perspectiva europea
The role of the data mining exception in generative artificial intelligence (AI) – an european perspective
Barra lateral del artículo
PDF
FLIP
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Los avances en las tecnologías de inteligencia artificial (IA) han impulsado el desarrollo de la IA generativa, capaz de producir una amplia gama de contenidos. No obstante, el entrenamiento de estos sistemas plantea importantes interrogantes sobre la salvaguardia y el ejercicio de los derechos de autor de los contenidos utilizados para estos fines. En este contexto, este artículo se propone analizar el rol y la idoneidad de la excepción de minería de datos (‘Text and Data Mining’) en el ámbito de la IA generativa, centrándose en el marco legislativo de la Unión Europea (UE). El artículo concluye argumentando que, aunque la minería de datos posee un potencial considerable en el desarrollo de la IA y su incorporación en el marco legislativo de la UE es crucial, tanto la estructura misma de la excepción como la diversidad de enfoques nacionales no ofrecen un cuadro normativo que permita una aplicación armonizada en la UE y ello podría socavar su uso en el campo de la IA generativa.
Palabras clave:
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Referencias (VER)
Bercimuelle-Chamot, Kevin. ‘French Copyright Framework for Artificial Intelligen-
ce: A Half-Hearted Attempt’. The ipkat (blog). Accessed 10 June 2024. https://
ipkitten.blogspot.com/2023/10/french-copyright-framework-for.html.
Bonadio, Enrico, Plamen Dinev, and Luke McDonagh. ‘Can Artificial Intelligence
Infringe Copyright? Some Reflections’. In Research Handbook on Intellectual Property
and Artificial Intelligence, edited by Ryan Abbott, 245–57. Law. Cheltenham, UK:
Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800881907.00007.
Bottis, Maria, Marinos Papadopoulos, Christos Zampakolas, and Paraskevi Ganat-
siou. ‘Text and Data Mining in the EU “Acquis Communautaire” Tinkering with
tdm & Digital Legal Deposit’. Erasmus Law Review 12, no. 2 (2019): 190–208.
https://doi.org/10.5553/ELR.000140.
Brettschneider, Peter. ‘Text Und Data-Mining – Juristische Fallstricke Und Bibliothe-
karische Handlungsfelder’. Bibliotheksdienst 55, no. 2 (1 February 2021): 104–26.
https://doi.org/10.1515/bd-2021-0020.
Caso, Roberto. ‘Il Conflitto Tra Diritto d’autore e Ricerca Scientifica Nella Disci-
plina Del Text and Data Mining Della Direttiva Sul Mercato Unico Digitale’.
Il Diritto Industriale 2 (2020): 118–26.
Christianson, Paul. ‘Billions of Miles of Data: The Autonomous Vehicle Training
Conundrum’, 30 September 2020. https://blog.cloudfactory.com/autonomous-
vehicle-training-conundrum.
Contardi, Magali. ‘¡IA bajo acusa! ¿el uso de imágenes en el aprendizaje de la inte-
ligencia artificial viola los derechos de autor?: implicancias para la creatividad
| lvcentinvs’. IP Blog. Lvcentinvs (blog), 9 March 2023. https://www.lvcentinvs. es/2023/03/09/ia-bajo-acusa-el-uso-de-imagenes-en-el-aprendizaje-de-la-inteli-
gencia-artificial-viola-los-derechos-de-autor-implicancias-para-la-creatividad/
De Wolf & Partners, Directorate-General for the Internal Market and Services
(European Commission) Now known as..., Jérôme de Meeûs d’Argenteuil, Jean-
Paul Triaille, and Amélie de Francquen. Study on the Legal Framework of Text and
Data Mining (tdm). Publications Office of the European Union, 2014. https://
data.europa.eu/doi/10.2780/1475.
Dermawan, Artha. ‘Text and Data Mining Exceptions in the Development of
Generative AI Models: What the EU Member States Could Learn from the
Japanese “Nonenjoyment” Purposes?’ The Journal of World Intellectual Property 27,
no. 1 (2024): 44–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12285.
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (European Commission), Magali
Contardi, Caterina Sganga, Martin Senftleben, Thomas Margoni, Mireiile Van
Eechoud, Pelin Turan, et al. ‘Improving Access to and Reuse of Research Results,
Publications and Data for Scientific Purposes: Study to Evaluate the Effects of
the EU Copyright Framework on Research and the Effects of Potential Interven-
tions and to Identify and Present Relevant Provisions for Research in EU Data
and Digital Legislation, with a Focus on Rights and Obligations’. Publications
Office of the European Union, 2024. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/633395.
Ducato, Rossana, and Alain Strowel. ‘Ensuring Text and Data Mining: Remaining
Issues with the EU Copyright Exceptions and Possible Ways Out’. European
Intellectual Property Review 43, no. 5 (21 April 2021): 322–37.
Durantaye, Katharina de la. ‘“Garbage In, Garbage Out”–Die Regulierung Genera-
tiver KI Durch Urheberrecht’. ssrn Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY, 10 August
https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4571908.
Dusollier, Séverine. ‘The 2019 Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market:
Some Progress, a Few Bad Choices, and an Overall Failed Ambition’. Common
Market Law Review 57, no. 4 (1 August 2020). https://kluwerlawonline.com/api/
Product/Citationpdfurl?file=Journalscolacola2020714.pdf.
European Council of the European Union. ‘Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act: Council
Gives Final Green Light to the First Worldwide Rules on AI’. European Council
of the European Union. Consilium Europa, 21 May 2024. https://www.consi-
lium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2024/05/21/artificial-intelligence-ai-act-
council-gives-final-green-light-to-the-first-worldwide-rules-on-ai/.
European Writer’s Council, European Council of Literary Translators’ Associa-
tions, European Composer and Songwriter Alliance, European Federation of
Journalists, European Guild for Artificial Intelligence Regulation, Federation
of European Screen Directors, International Federation of Actors, et al. ‘Joint
Statement on Generative Artificial Intelligence and the EU AI Act’. ewc–European Writers Council (blog), 25 April 2024. https://europeanwriterscouncil.eu/240425_
cwos_jointstatement_ai-act/.
Frosio, Giancarlo. ‘Should We Ban Generative AI, Incentivise It or Make It a Medium
for Inclusive Creativity?’ ssrn Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY, 31 July 2023.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4527461.
Geiger, Christophe, Giancarlo Frosio, and Oleksandr Bulayenko. ‘Text and Data
Mining in the Proposed Copyright Reform: Making the EU Ready for an Age
of Big Data?’ iic–International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 49,
no. 7 (1 September 2018): 814–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-018-0722-2.
Guadamuz, Andrés. ‘A Scanner Darkly: Copyright Liability and Exceptions in
Artificial Intelligence Inputs and Outputs’. ssrn Scholarly Paper. Rochester,
NY, 26 February 2023. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4371204.
Guibault, Lucie, and Andreas Wiebe. ‘Safe to Be Open’, 2013, 165. https://doi.
org/10.17875/gup2013-160.
Handke, Christian, Lucie Guibault, and Joan-Josep Vallbé. ‘Is Europe Falling Behind
in Data Mining? Copyright’s Impact on Data Mining in Academic Research’.
ssrn Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY, 7 June 2015. https://doi.org/10.2139/
ssrn.2608513.
Hejtmánek, Jan. ‘Early Generative AI and Its Impact on Automotive Industry, 2023
Summary’. Deloitte Czech Republic, 2023. https://www2.deloitte.com/cz/en/
pages/technology/articles/early-generative-ai-and-its-impact-on-automotive-
industry.html.
Hugenholtz, P. Bernt. ‘The New Copyright Directive: Text and Data Mining
(Articles 3 and 4)’. Kluwer Copyright Blog, 24 July 2019. https://copyright-
blog.kluweriplaw.com/2019/07/24/the-new-copyright-directive-text-and-data-
mining-articles-3-and-4/.
Keller, Paul. ‘A First Look at the Copyright Relevant Parts in the Final AI Act Com-
promise’. Kluwer Copyright Blog, 11 December 2023. https://copyrightblog.
kluweriplaw.com/2023/12/11/a-first-look-at-the-copyright-relevant-parts-in-the-
final-ai-act-compromise/.
———. ‘tdm: Poland Challenges the Rule of EU Copyright Law’. Kluwer Copyright Blog
(blog), 20 February 2024. https://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2024/02/20/
tdm-poland-challenges-the-rule-of-eu-copyright-law/.
Kretschmer, Martin, Thomas Margoni, and Pinar Oruç. ‘Copyright Law and the
Lifecycle of Machine Learning Models’. iic–International Review of Intellectual
Property and Competition Law 55, no. 1 (1 January 2024): 110–38. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s40319-023-01419-3.
Lazarova, Ana. ‘The Last in Line: Bulgaria Implements the cdsm Directive’.
Kluwer Copyright Blog, 27 December 2023. https://copyrightblog.kluweri-
plaw.com/2023/12/27/the-last-in-line-bulgaria-implements-the-cdsm-directive/.
Lemley, Mark A. ‘How Generative AI Turns Copyright Upside Down’. ssrn Scho-
larly Paper. Rochester, NY, 21 July 2023. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4517702.
Lucchi, Nicola. ‘Chatgpt: A Case Study on Copyright Challenges for Generative
Artificial Intelligence Systems’. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 29 August
, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2023.59.
Manteghi, Maryna. ‘Overcoming Barriers to Text and Data Mining in the Era of
Chatgpt: The Proposed Data Act as a Game-Changer’. grur International 73,
no. 1 (1 January 2024): 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/grurint/ikad098.
Margoni, Thomas, and Martin Kretschmer. ‘A Deeper Look into the EU Text and
Data Mining Exceptions: Harmonisation, Data Ownership, and the Future of
Technology’. grur International 71, no. 8 (1 August 2022): 685–701. https://doi.
org/10.1093/grurint/ikac054.
Montagnani, Maria Lillà, and Giorgio Aime. ‘Il Text and Data Mining e Il Diritto
d’autore’. Annali Italiani Del Diritto d’Autore Della Cultura e Dello Spettacolo 26 (2017):
Nordemann, Jan Bernd, and Jonathan Pukas. ‘Copyright Exceptions for AI Training
Data—Will There Be an International Level Playing Field?’ Journal of Intellec-
tual Property Law & Practice 17, no. 12 (1 December 2022): 973–74. https://doi.
org/10.1093/jiplp/jpac106.
Pukas, Jonathan. ‘KI-Trainingsdaten und erweiterte kollektive Lizenzen’. Gewerblicher
Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht 9 (2023): 614.
Quang, Jenny. ‘Does Training AI Violate Copyright Law?’ Berkeley Technology Law
Journal 36 (2021): 1407.
Quintais, João Pedro. ‘Generative AI, Copyright and the AI Act’. Kluwer Copyright
Blog, 9 May 2023. https://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2023/05/09/genera-
tive-ai-copyright-and-the-ai-act/.
Quintais, João Pedro, and Sebastian Felix Schwemer. ‘The Interplay between the
Digital Services Act and Sector Regulation: How Special Is Copyright?’ European
Journal of Risk Regulation 13, no. 2 (June 2022): 191-217. https://doi.org/10.1017/
err.2022.1.
Raue, Benjamin. ‘Die Freistellung von Datenanalysen durch die neuen Text und
Data Mining-Schranken (§§44b, 60d UrhG)’. Zeitschrift für Urheber-und-Medienrecht
(zum) 10 (2021): 793–802.
Rosati, Eleonora. ‘An EU Text and Data Mining Exception for the Few: Would It
Make Sense?’ Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 13, no. 6 (1 June 2018):
–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpy063.
———. ‘Copyright as an Obstacle or an Enabler? A European Perspective on
Text and Data Mining and Its Role in the Development of AI Creativity’. Asia
Pacific Law Review 27, no. 2 (3 July 2019): 198–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/101
2019.1705525.
———. Copyright in the Digital Single Market: Article-by-Article Commentary to the Provi-
sions of Directive 2019/790. Oxford University Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/
oso/9780198858591.001.0001.
———. ‘No Step-Free Copyright Exceptions: The Role of the Three-Step in
Defining Permitted Uses of Protected Content (Including tdm for AI-Training
Purposes)’. ssrn Scholarly Paper. Rochester, NY, 10 November 2023. https://
doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4629528.
———. ‘The German lAIon Decision: A Problematic Understanding of the Sco-
pe of the tdm Copyright Exceptions and the Transition from tdm to AI Tra-
ining’. The ipkat (blog). Accessed 15 October 2024. https://ipkitten.blogspot.
com/2024/10/the-german-laion-decision-problematic.html.
Samuelson, Pamela. ‘The EU’s Controversial Digital Single Market Directive–
Part II: Why the Proposed Mandatory Text- and Data-Mining Exception Is
Too Restrictive’. Kluwer Copyright Blog, 12 July 2018. https://copyrightblog.
kluweriplaw.com/2018/07/12/eus-controversial-digital-single-market-directive-
part-ii-proposed-mandatory-text-data-mining-exception-restrictive/.
———. ‘Legal Challenges to Generative AI, Part I’. Communications of the acm, 22
June 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3597151.
Senftleben, Martin. ‘Generative AI and Author Remuneration’. iic–International
Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 54, no. 10 (1 November 2023):
–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40319-023-01399-4.
Sganga, Caterina, Magali Contardi, Pelin Turan, Camilla Signoretta, Giorgia
Bucaria, Péter Mezei, and István Harkai. ‘Copyright Flexibilities: Mapping and
Comparative Assessment of Eu and National Sources’. ssrn Scholarly Paper.
Rochester, NY, 16 January 2023. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4325376.
Specht, Louisa. ‘Die neue Schrankenregelung für Text und Data Mining und ihre
Bedeutung für die Wissenschaft’. Ordnung der Wissenschaft, no. 4 (2018): 285–90.
https://doi.org/10.17176/20190131-144947-0.
Stevens, Morgan. ‘Training Musical AI Systems’. Center for Data Innovation (blog),
June 2023. https://datainnovation.org/2023/06/training-musical-ai-systems/.
Strowel, Alain, and Rossana Ducato. ‘Artificial Intelligence and Text and Data
Mining: A Copyright Carol’. In The Routledge Handbook of eu Copyright Law. Rout-
ledge, 2021. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003156277-19.
Tyagi, Kalpana. ‘Copyright, Text & Data Mining and the Innovation Dimension of
Generative AI’. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 9 March 2024, jpae028.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpae028.
World Intellectual Property Organization. ‘Generative AI: Navigating Intellectual
Property’. Geneva, Switzerland: World Intellectual Property Organization
(wIPo), 28 February 2024.
———. ‘The Frontier of MedTech: AI-Driven Medical Devices’. wIPo, 20 Novem-
ber 2023. https://www.wipo.int/policy/en/news/global_health/2023/news_0021.
html.
Ziaja, Gina Maria. ‘The Text and Data Mining Opt-out in Article 4(3) cdsmd:
Adequate Veto Right for Rightholders or a Suffocating Blanket for European
Artificial Intelligence Innovations?’ Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 19,
no. 5 (1 May 2024): 453-59. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpae025.
Citado por
