Agnotología
Agnotology
Barra lateral del artículo
HTML
PDF
FLIP
XML
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Robert Proctor e Ian Bolin acuñaron el término agnotología para designar el estudio de la ignorancia. Este escrito propone superar la visión de la ignorancia como un vacío que puede ser llenado por el conocimiento e invita a pensar en las formas en que hoy se produce, en forma premeditada y estructural: por negligencia, miopía, secreto o supresión. El autor muestra que la creación deliberada de la ignorancia es una estrategia para engañar y sembrar dudas sobre los hechos observados y sobre el conocimiento científico, tomando como ejemplos el papel de los secretos comerciales, la actividad de las tabacaleras para negar la relación causal entre el consumo de cigarrillos y el cáncer y el papel del secreto militar. Por último analiza algunos casos en que la ignorancia es una expresión de valores morales, como la prohibición, en algunas universidades, de investigaciones cuyo único fin es el afán de lucro y, en algunas revistas científicas, de publicar trabajos financiados por ciertas fuentes, así como el rechazo de ciertas tecnologías por razones intelectuales y morales bien fundadas.
Palabras clave:
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Referencias (VER)
Baba, A., Cook, D. M. et al. (2005). Legislating ‘sound science’: The role of the tobacco industry. American Journal of Public Health, 95, S20-27.
Bamford, J. (1982). The Puzzle Palace: A report on America’s most secret agency. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Benjamin, W. (1935). The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. En H. Arendt, ed. Illuminations, Nueva York: Schocken, 1969.
Biagoli, M. (2002). From book censorship to academic peer review, Emergences, 12, 11-45.
Boal, I. (2010). The long theft: Episodes in the history of enclosure. Londres: Faber and Faber.
Bok, S. (1990). Secrets: On the ethics of concealment and revelation. Nueva York: Random House.
Boonstra, H. (2003). Critics charge Bush mix of science and politics is unprecedented and dangerous. The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, mayo.
Brandt, A. M. (2007). The cigarette century. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Burke, K. (1935). Permanence and change. Nueva York: New Republic.
Darwin, C. (1981). Descent of man [1871]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Universiry Press.
Dickson, D. (2001). Weaving a social web. Nature, 414, 587.
Doel, R. E. (2000). Polar melting when Cold War was hot, San Francisco Examiner, 3 de octubre, A15. Driver, P. (2001). Uneasy virtue. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
Duncan, R. y Weston-S., M. (1984). The encyclopaedia of medical ignorance: Exploring the frontiers of medical knowledge. Oxford: Pergamon.
EPA California, Proposed identification of environmental tobacco smoke as a toxic air contaminant, Sacramento, Ca., EPA.
Gallagher, C. (1993). American ground zero: The secret nuclear war. Nueva York: Doubleday.
Glantz, S. et al., eds. The cigarette papers. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hacking, I. (2000). ¿The social construction of what?, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Harley, D. (1993). The beginnings of the tobacco controversy: Puritanism, James I, and the Royal Physicians. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 67(1), 28-50.
Harris, L. Most still doubt cigarettes are major cause of cancer, Washington Post, 2 de enero de 1967, Bates 500323778.
Jhally, S., Lewis, J. y Morgan, M. (1991). The Gulf War: A study of the media, public opinion, and public knowledge, Research Report, Centre for the Study of Communication, doc. #P-8, febrero.
Jones, Day, Reavis & Pogue (1986). Corporate activity project, [https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/#id=lmdd0024].
Lenzer, G., ed. (1975). Auguste Comte and positivism, the essential writings, Nueva York: Harper and Row.
Marks, H. (2001). Misunderstanding pellagra: Gender, race and political economy in early-20th-Century epidemiology, History of Science Colloquium, Welch Medical Library, JHMI.
Markowitz, G. y Rosner, D. (1991). Expert panels and medical uncertainty”, American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 19, 131-134.
Merton, R. K. (1987). Three fragments from a sociologist’s notebooks: Establishing the phenomenon, specified ignorance, and strategic research materials. Annual Review of Sociology, 13, 1-28.
Monbiot, G. (2006). Heat: How to stop the planet from burning. Londres: Allen Lane.
Moore, W. E. y Tumin. (1949). Some social functions of ignorance. American Sociological Review, 14, 787-795.
Newman, W. R. y Grafton, A. eds. (2001). Secrets of nature: Astrology and alchemy in early modern Europe, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Oreskes, N. (1999). The rejection of continental drift: Theory and method in American earth science. Nueva York: Oxford University Press.
Oreskes, N. y Comway E. M. (2008). Challenging knowledge: How climate science became a victim of the Cold War, en Proctor, R. N y Schiebinger, L. Agnotology. The making and unmaking of ignorance (pp. 55-89). Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University Press.
Pauly, P. J. (1996). How did the effects of alcohol on reproduction become scientifically uninteresting?, Journal of the History of Biology, 29, 1-28.
Peto, R. (1984). Ignorance in cancer research, en Duncan, R. y Weston-S., M. The encyclopaedia of medical ignorance: Exploring the frontiers of medical knowledge (pp. 129-133). Oxford: Pergamon.
Poundstone, W. (1985). Big secrets: The uncensored truth about all sorts of stuff you are never supposed to know, Nueva York: William Morrow.
Proctor, R. N. (1995). Cancer Wars: How politics shapes what we know and don’t know about cancer. Nueva York: Basic Books.
Proctor, R. N. (2004).¿Should medical historians be working for the tobacco industry? Lancet 363(9416), 1174-1175.
Proctor, R. N. (2006). Everyone knew but no one had proof: Tobacco industry use of medical history expertise in U.S. courts, 1990-2002. Tobacco Control, 15, iv, 117-125.
Proctor, R. N y Schiebinger, L. (2008). Agnotology. The making and unmaking of ignorance. Stanford, Ca.: Stanford University Press.
Proctor, R. N. (2012). Golden holocaust: Origins of the cigarette catastrophe and the case for abolition. Los Angeles, University of California Press.
Reich, D. (2002). Building Superman, reseña de N. Gillham. A life of Sir Francis Galton, New York Times Book Review, 10 de febrero, p. 16.
Ritter, M. (2002). Americans show they don’t know much about science, AP, 16 de junio.
Shane, S. (2005). Official reveals budget for U.S. Intelligence. New York Times, 8 de noviembre.
Schiebinger, L. (2008). West Indian abortifacients and the making of ignorance. En Proctor R. N. y L. Schiebinger. Agnotology. The making and unmaking of ignorance (pp. 149-162). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Simpson, G. G. (1964). This view of life, Nueva York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
Smithson, M. (1985). Toward a social theory of ignorance. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 15, 151-172.
Tuana, N. (2008). Coming to understand: Orgasm and the epistemology of ignorance. En Proctor R. N. y L. Schiebinger. Agnotology. The making and unmaking of ignorance (pp. 108-148). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1969). Use of tobacco: Practices, attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs. United States – Fall 1964 and Spring 1966. Washington.
Van Meter, W. R. (1941). Putting false faces on formulas. Food Industries, 13, octubre, 41-42.
Wehling, P. (2002). Weshalb weiß die Wissenschaft nicht, was sie nicht weiß? – Forschungsperspektiven einer Soziologie des wissenschaftlichen Nichtwissens, Expertise Science-Policy Studies, Bonn.
Weiss, R. (2004). ‘Data quality’ law is Nemesis of regulation, Washington Post, 16 de agosto, p. A1.
Citado por
