Legalización de la marihuana y cannaturismo: ¿una oportunidad para destinos turísticos mexicanos?
Marijuana Legalization and Cannatourism: An Opportunity for Mexican Tourist Destination?
Barra lateral del artículo
PDF
FLIP
HTML
XML
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El cannaturismo es un fenómeno que está emergiendo a raíz de la legalización de la marihuana en varios estados de los Estados Unidos, y en Canadá. En México se aprobó un proyecto de ley para legalizar esta droga para consumo recreativo pero existen muchas preocupaciones sobre sus posibles efectos en la sociedad. Con base en una revisión de literatura y estadísticas oficiales, este artículo examina las implicaciones de la legalización de esta droga para la sociedad, en general, y la industria turística en particular. Se identificó el surgimiento de una variada y dinámica oferta cannaturística, que, de implementarse de manera regulada, puede diversificar la oferta turística de los destinos mexicanos. También se encontró que los impactos de la legalización de la marihuana tienden a ser mayormente positivos y pueden contribuir a aliviar problemáticas económicas y sociales en destinos turísticos. Se discuten las posibles implicaciones de la legalización de esta droga para México.
Palabras clave:
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Referencias (VER)
Alaska Department of Revenue. Tax Division (2019). Marijuana Tax 2019 Annual Report. http://tax.alaska.gov/programs/programs/reports/Annual.aspx?60000&Year=2017
Alaska Department of Labor & Workforce Development (2018). Marijuana: A new Industry. https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/Portals/9/pub/HomePage/akeconTrends.pdf?ver=2018-05-17-161235-803×tamp=1526602361869
Anderson, D. M., Hansen, B., Rees, D. I. & Sabia, J. J. (2019). Association of Marijuana Laws With Teen Marijuana Use: New Estimates From the Youth Risk Behavior Surveys. jama Pediatrics, 173(9), 879-881.
Aydelotte, J. D., Brown, L. H., Luftman, K. M., Mardock, A. L., Teixeira, P. G., Coopwood, B. & Brown, C. V. (2017). Crash fatality rates after recreational marijuana legalization in Washington and Colorado. American Journal of Public Health, 107(8), 1329-1331.
Belhassen, Y., Santos, C. & Uriely, N. (2007). Cannabis Usage in Tourism: A Sociological Perspective. Leisure Studies, 26(3), 303-319.
Bellis, M. A., Hale, G., Bennett, A., Chaudry, M. & Kilfoyle, M. (2000). Ibiza uncovered: changes in substance use and sexual behavior amongst young people visiting an international night-life resort. International Journal of Drug Policy, 11(3), 235-244.
Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K. E., Dillon, P., Copeland, J. & Gates, P. (2007). Effects of backpacking holidays in Australia on alcohol, tobacco and drug use of UK residents. BMC Public Health. 7(1), 1-10.
Bellis, M. A., Hughes, K., Calafat, A., Juan, M. & Schnitzer, S. (2009). Relative contributions of holiday location and nationality to changes in recreational drug taking behaviour: A natural experiment in the Balearic Islands. European Addiction Research 15(2), 78-86.
Bleiberg, L., (2017). 10 best 4/20 sites: Where marijuana history was made. https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/10greatplaces/2017/04/14/marijuana/100411970/
Buultjens, J., Neale, K., Lamont, M. (2013). Hosts, guests and a drug culture in a destination: A case study of Nimbin, Australia. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2 (3), 185-195.
California Department of Tax and Fee Administration (2020). California Department of Tax and Fee Administration Reports Cannabis Tax Revenues for the Fourth Quarter of 2019. https://www.cdtfa.ca.gov/news/20-03.htm
Cannabis World Congress & Business Exposition (2018). Cannabis means business. https://www.cwcbexpo.com
Cannabition Cannabis Museum. (2018). About. https://cannabition.com/about/
Canadian Kush Tours. (2018). Packages. Recuperado de http://www.canadiankushtours.com/packages/
Chang, T. Y. & Jacobson, M. (2017). Going to pot? The impact of dispensary closures on crime. Journal of Urban Economics, 100, 120-136.
Colorado Department of Revenue (2020). Marijuana Tax Data. https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/revenue/colorado-marijuana-tax-data
Colorado General Assembly. (2018) Law Summary: Retail Marijuana. https://leg.colorado.gov/publications/law-summary-retail-marijuana
Colorado Pot Guide. (2018) Where to buy marijuana in Colorado. https://www.coloradopotguide.com/where-to-buy-marijuana/
De la Torre, M. & Navarrete Escobedo. D. (2018). Turismo y narcotráfico. Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo 27, pp. 867-882.
Dills, A., Goffard, S., Miron, J. (2016). The Effect of State Marijuana Legalizations. Cato Institute Policy Analysis.
Dragone, D., Prarolo, G., Vanin, P. & Zanella, G. (2019). Crime and the legalization of recreational marijuana. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 159, 488-501.
Drug Policy Alliance (2018). From Prohibition to Progress: A Status Report on Marijuana Legalization: What We Know About Marijuana Legalization in Eight States and Washington, D.C. https://www.drugpolicy.org/sites/default/f iles/dpa_marijuana_legalization_report_feb14_2018_0.pdf
Efe (2018, 23 de enero). El 75 % de asesinatos en México están vinculados al narcotráfico, según ong. Agencia efe. https://www.efe.com/efe/usa/mexico/el-75-de-asesinatos-en-mexico-estan-vinculados-al-narcotrafico-segunong/50000100-3501536
Euromonitor International (2019a). The cannabis index: Where will legalization move next? https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/Euromonitor Internacional (2019b). The rise of cannabis: The ultimate market disruptor. https://blog.euromonitor.com/the-rise-of-cannabisthe-ultimate-market-disruptor/?ind=pot?utm_campaign=N01_Mid_04_Cannabis_Revolution&utm_medium=Email&utm_source=Pot&mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTlRGbE1XTmpNalJrTURRdy-IsInQiOiIzSFhmNzdDS01ERnRnNHU2MlN5UlpBa3o0ZDZMcUJDNW8rZzQ3VEdaWVpXQk83M3B5XC9Pbmd5aGZkXC8xN3RBdlZMUFdVdUFaSHJyb0N6ejR1NFNQakh5T0F0Y29rSCtNb0lIVnI2Q25iNHNzODZCeG1VQStyYWtGWlR3dXF5K2NyIn0%3D
Flores Ortíz, L., Pereda Jaldón, A., González González, L. & Villanueva Porras, K. B. (2018). Legalización de la marihuana para uso recreativo y el desarrollo del cannaturismo: lecciones para México (Tesis de Licenciatura). Universidad de Monterrey. México.
Galindo, C. Frissard, P. & Osorio, D. (2019). Atlas de Homicidios México 2018. México Unido Contra la Delincuencia. https://www.mucd.org.mx/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/mucd-2019-Atlas-de-homicidios-2018.pdf
Grunwell, J. (1998). Ayahuasca tourism in South America. Anthropology of Tourism, 8 (3). https://maps.org/news-letters/v08n3/v08n3_62-65_.pdf
Government of Canada. (2018). Cannabis in the provinces and territories. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/laws-regulations/provinces-territories.html
Heckel, A. (2018) The Coolest Cannabis-Inspired Spa Treatments in Colorado. https://www.tripsavvy.com/cannabis-inspired-spa-treatmentscolorado-4155862
Hernández, S. & Sotelo, J. (2013). Argumentos para el debate sobre la legalización de la marihuana en México. Entreciencias: Diálogos en la sociedad del conocimiento 1(2), 93-100.
Hoffmann, B. (2014). Drug consumption tourism as a social phenomenon. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 12(4), 455-460. doi:10.15547/tjs.2014.04.017
inegi (2019). Defunciones por Homicidio. https:// www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/olap/proyectos/bd/continuas/mortalidad/defuncioneshom.asp?s=est
Instituto de Regulación y Control del Cannabis. (2018). Informe Mercado Regulado del Cannabis. https://www.ircca.gub.uy/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/InformeMercadoReguladoCannabis-30set2018.pdf
Johnson, R. M. & Guttmannova, K. (2019). Marijuana use among adolescents and emerging adults in the midst of policy change: Introduction to the special issue. Prevention Science, 20(2), 179-184.
Kagia, J. (2020). U.S. Demand for Smuggled Cannabis Plummets as Legal Markets Grow. New Frontier Data. https://newfrontierdata.com/cannabis-insights/u-s-demand-for-smuggled-cannabis-plummets-as-legal-marketsgrow/?utm_source=New+Frontier+Newsletter&utm_campaign=1ee92bf639-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_11_01_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_e61e943a42-1ee92bf639-120270473&mc_cid=1ee92bf639&mc_eid=33 9cb8007f
Kang, S., O’Leary, J. & Miller, J. (2016). From forbidden fruit to the goose that lays golden eggs: Marijuana tourism in Colorado. Sage Open, 6(4), pp. 1-12.
Kang, S. & Lee, J. (2018). Support of marijuana tourism in Colorado: A residents’ perspective using social exchange theory. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 310-319.
Keenan, A. (2019, febrero 26). Cannabis may be retail’s brightest spot in 2019. Yahoo Finance. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/marijuanabright-spot-retail-152744240.html
Kim, Hall, Genco, Dyke, y Monte (2016). Marijuana Tourism and Emergency Department Visits in Colorado. New England The Journal of Medicine, 374: 797-798.
Kush Tourism (2018). Cannabis tourism trends and statistics. https://kushtourism.com/cannabis-tourism-trends-statistics/Leafly (2020). Leafly jobs report 2020. https://leafly-cms-production.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/06145710/Leafly-2020-Jobs-Report.pdf
Legislative Analyst’s Office (2010). Changes California Law to Legalize Marijuana and Allow It to Be Regulated and Taxed. Initiative Statute. https://lao.ca.gov/ballot/2010/19_11_2010.pdf
Light, M., Orens, A., Lewandowski B. & Pickton, T. (2014). Market size and demand for marijuana in Colorado. https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/Market%20Size%20and%20Demand%20Study%2C%20July%209%2C%202014%5B1%5D_3.pdf
Legislative Analyst’s Office (2017). Proposition 64 Revenues. https://lao.ca.gov/handouts/crimjust/2017/Proposition-64-Revenues-021617.pdf
Marijuana in Nevada (2019). Taxes. http://marijuana.nv.gov/Businesses/Taxes/
Marijuana Policy Project. (2015). Colorado: The economy after legalization and regulation. https://www.mpp.org/issues/legalization/colorado-theeconomy-after-legalization-and-regulation/
McGinty, E., Niederdeppe, J. & Barry, C. (2017). Public perceptions of arguments supporting and opposing recreational marijuana legalization. Preventive Medicine, 99, 80-86.
Meehan, B., Rusko, C. & Stephenson, E. (2020). (Pot) Heads in Beds: The Effect of Marijuana Legalization on Hotel Occupancy in Colorado and Washington. Journal of Regional Analysis & Policy, 50(1), 46-53.
Miller, A., Rosenman, R. & Cowan, B. (2017). Recreational marijuana legalization and college student use: Early evidence. ssm-Population Health, 3, 649-657.
Miech, R., Johnston, L., O’Malley, P., Bachman, J., Schulenberg, J. & Patrick, M. E. (2015). Trends in use of marijuana and attitudes toward marijuana among youth before and after decriminalization: The case of California 2007-2013. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(4),336-344.
Monshouwer, K., Van Laar, M. y Vollebergh, W. A. (2011). Buying cannabis in ‘coffee shops’. Drug and Alcohol Review, 30, 148-156.
Monte, A., Shelton, S., Mills, E., Saben, J., Hopkinson, A., Sonn, B. & Williamson, K. (2019). Acute Illness Associated With Cannabis Use, by Route of Exposure: An Observational Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170, 531-537.
Monterrubio Cordero, J. y Equihua, G. (2011). Consumo de alcohol, drogas y actividad sexual en el spring break en Acapulco, México. Teoría y Praxis, 10, 77-98.
My 420 Tours (2018). Find your cannabis experience. https://my420tours.com/denver-pot-tours/Nomme, M. & Stiling Blichfeldt, B. (2017). Marihuana tourism in Denver: The real, but nontouristic deal. Centre for Tourism, Innovation and Culture (tic). https://www.sdu.dk/-/media/files/
om_sdu/centre/c_turisme_inn_kult/tic/tic+talks/tic+working+paper+1.pdf?la=en&hash=F625E68490001fabe312D5BA96B591788823789D
Observatorio Uruguayo de Drogas (2019). Resultados en Dimensión de Justicia y Seguridad. https://www.ircca.gub.uy/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Justicia-seguridad-dic2019.pdf
Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito. (2017). Informe Mundial sobre las Drogas 2017. https://www.unodc.org/wdr2017/field/wdr _Booklet1_Exsum_Spanish.pdf
Oregon Department of Revenue (2020). Oregon Marijuana Tax: Distribution Information. https://www.oregon.gov/dor/programs/gov-research/Documents/Financial-reporting-distributionspublic.pdf
Oregon Department of Revenue Research Section (2020). Oregon Marijuana Tax Statistics: Accounting Information. https://www.oregon.gov/dor/programs/gov-research/Documents/Financialreporting-receipts-public.pdf
Pardo, B. (2014). Cannabis policy reforms in the Americas: A comparative analysis of Colorado, Washington, and Uruguay. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25 (4): 727-735.
Parnes, Jamie E., Joey K. Smith, and Bradley T. Conner. Reefer madness or much ado about nothing? Cannabis legalization outcomes among young adults in the United States. International Journal of Drug Policy 56 (2018): 116-120.
Pereira, T. F. P. & de Paula, L. B. (2016). Drug Tourism: General Overview, Case Studies and New Perspectives in the Contemporary World. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 7(3), pp. 188-202.
Pew Research Center. (2015). In Debate Over Legalizing Marijuana Disagreement Over Drug’s Dangers. www.people-press.org/2015/04/14/indebate-over-legalizing-marijuana-disagreementover-
drugs-dangers/
Pérez, F., Mereles Ayala, C. & Torales Ojeda, A. (2014). Actitud de estudiantes universitaros hacia la legalización del consumo de marihuana. xxii Jornadas Jóvenes Investigadores. http://ns2.une.edu.py:7004/repositorio/bitstream/handle/123456789/274/16_p%C3%A9rez_francielly.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Prayag, G., Mura, P., Hall, M. & Fontaine, J. (2015). Drug or spirituality seekers? Consuming ayahuasca. Annals of Tourism Research 52, 175-177.
Puga, T. (2018). Enrique De la Madrid sugiere legalizar la marihuana en el país. El Universal. http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/cartera/economia/enrique-de-la-madrid-sugiere-legalizar-lamarihuana-en-el-pais
Ramírez, T. & Käkelä, H. (2009). A “Magic Trip” to Wirikúta Peyote, Huichols, and the Mexican State (tesis de licenciatura). School of Global Studies. Universidad de Gotemburgo, Suecia. Romao, J., Neuts, B., Nijkam, P., Leeuwen, E. (2015). Culture, product differentiation and market segmentation: A structural analysis of the motivation and satisfaction of tourists in Amsterdam. Tourism Economics, 21 (3), 455-474doi: 10.5367/te.2015.0483
Ross, J. (2016). When Culture is for Sale: Tourism and Indigenous Identity in the Andean and Amazonian Regions of Peru (tesis de pregrado). New York University, New York. http://liberal studies.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyu-as/liberalStu dies/Documents/Ross_Thesis_2016.pdf
Rotermann, M. (2020). What has changed since cannabis was legalized? Statistics Canada. Catalogue n.º 82-003-X. Health Reports, vol. 31, n.º 2, 11-20. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/82-003-x/2020002/article/00002-eng.pdf?st=MV4SbE6M
Senado de la República de México. (2017). Iniciativa con proyecto de decreto que expide la Ley General para el Control del Cannabis y sus Derivados. http://infosen.senado.gob.mx/sgsp/gaceta/63/3/2017-12-06-1/assets/documentos/Inic_PT_Cannabis.pdf
Senado de la República de México. (2018). Iniciativa de Ley General para la Regulación y Control del Cannabis. http://www.senado.gob.mx/64/gaceta_del_senado/documento/85686
Shapiro, K. (2017). These Are the Best 420- Friendly Hotels in the World. https://www.leafly.com/news/lifestyle/best-marijuana-hotel.
Smith, A. (2017, 8 de noviembre). It pays to be a scientist in the marijuana industry. cnn Business. https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/04/pf/jobs/pot-jobs/index.html
State of Alaska. (2004). General Election Official Results. http://www.elections.alaska.gov/results/04genr/data/results.pdf
State of Nevada Statewide. (2002). Statewide Ballot questions. https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Division/Research/VoteNV/BallotQuestions/2002.pdf
State of Nevada Department of Taxation. (2019). Marihuana Statistics and Reports. https://tax.nv.gov/Publications/Marijuana_Statistics_and_Reports/
Statistics Canada (2019). At a glance: Government revenues from the sale of cannabis, March 2019. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/dailyquotidien/190619/dq190619e-eng.pdf?st=l88BMdNf
Taylor, L. (2019). Defining Marijuana Tourism. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 43(3), 438-446.
The 420 Games (2018). Civilized Games. https://420games.org
Tourliere, M. (2015). Confirma Trudeau intención de legalizar mariguana en Canadá en 2016. Proceso. https://www.proceso.com.mx/422623/confirma-trudeau-intencion-de-legalizar-mariguana-en-canada-en-2016
Uriely, N. & Belhassen, Y. (2005). Drug and Tourists’ Experience. Journal of Travel Research. 43(3), 238-246.
Valdez, A. & Sifaneck, S. (1997). Drug Tourists and Drug Policy on the U.S.-Mexican Border: An Ethnographic Investigation of the Acquisition of Prescription Drugs. Journal of Drug Issues, 27(4). 879-898.
Wang, G., Davies, S. D., Halmo, L. S., Sass, A. & Mistry, R. D. (2018). Impact of marijuana legalization in Colorado on adolescent emergency and urgent care visits. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(2), 239-241.
Washington State Department of Health. (2018a). Marijuana. https://www.doh.wa.gov/Youand-YourFamily/Marijuana
Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board (2019). Annual Report Fiscal Year 2019. https://lcb.wa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/annual _report/2019-annual-report-final2.pdf
Wen, J., Meng F., Ying, T., Qi, H. & Lockyer T. (2018). Drug tourism motivation of Chinese outbound tourists: Scale development and validation. Tourism Management, 64, 233-244. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.08.001
West Coast Cannabis Tours. (2018). Project. https://westcoastcannabistours.com/tour-item/yoga/
Winkelman, M. (2005). Drug Tourism or Spiritual Healing? Ayahuasca Seekers in Amazonia, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37, 2, pp. 209-218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2005.10
Citado por
