TikTok: A Legal Perspective on the Digital Environment, Highly Accessed by Minors
TikTok: A Legal Perspective on the Digital Environment, Highly Accessed by Minors
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
El artículo analiza TikTok desde una perspectiva holística, integrando visiones legales, filosóficas, sociológicas y psicológicas, con un enfoque en los menores. Desde el punto de vista legal, examina las medidas regulatorias y las decisiones judiciales orientadas a proteger a los menores de contenido perjudicial. Desde una perspectiva sociológica, explora el papel de los “prosumidores” en una “cultura convergente”, en la que los usuarios crean y consumen contenido, moldeando las dinámicas sociales, así como la influencia de la interactividad y la personalización.
Desde el ángulo psicológico, destaca la formación de hábitos mentales en los jóvenes y la importancia de la agencia del usuario en el contexto de los derechos digitales de los niños. Finalmente, aboga por estrategias como los pactos educativos digitales para promover el uso responsable de TikTok.
Palabras clave:
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Referencias (VER)
Abidyn, Crystal; Lee, Jin, and Kaye, D. Bondy Valdovinos, “Introduction to the Media International Australia”, special issue on “TikTok cultures in the Asia Pacific”, Media International Australia, 1, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X221130126
Al Hasani Maturano, Amir, Discurso del odio y libertad de expresión. Análisis del ámbito político y artístico, Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2023.
Alcoceba Hernando, José Antonio, “Juventud, tecnologías de la información y cambio social. Perspectivas y escenarios para la socialización”, in Sierra Caballero, Francisco (ed.), Ciudadanía, tecnología y cultura. Nodos conceptuales para pensar la nueva mediación digital, Barcelona, Gedisa, 2013, 181-210.
Anderson, Katie Elson, “Getting Acquainted with Social Networks and Apps: It is Time to Talk about TikTok”, Library Hi Tech News, 4, 2020, 7-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-01-2020-0001
Anderson, Monica, and Jiang, Jingjing, “Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018”, Pew Research Center, 31, 2018, 1673-1689.
Ardiana, Elsa, and Azwar, Ananda, “The Effect of Using the Tiktok Application as Learning Media on the Activeness and Learning Outcomes of Class xi Social Sciences Students in Sociology Subjects at SMA”, LANGGAM: International Journal of Social Sciences Education, Art and Culture, 2, 2022, 22-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/langgam.v1i02.13
Baraldi, Claudio, “Le basi sociali dei diritti dei bambini”, Jura Gentium, 2015 (forum about La Convenzione internazionale dei diritti dell’infanzia e dell’adolescenza [1989]: riflessioni e prospettive, Casadei, Th. and Re, L. [eds.]) [online], available at: https://www.juragentium.org/forum/infanzia/it/baraldi.html
Barbotti, Ilaria, TikTok marketing: video virali e hashtag challenge: come fare business con la generazione Z, Milan, Ulrico Hoepli, 2020.
Barredo, Daniel; Rodrigues da Cuhna, Mágda; Hidalgo Toledo, Jorge, and Freundt-Thurne, Úrsula (eds.), Jóvenes, participación y medios de comunicación digitales en América Latina, Cuadernos Artesanos de la Comunicación, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4185/cac156
Bello, Barbara Giovanna, and Scudieri, Laura (eds.), L’odio online: forme, prevenzione e contrasto, Turin, Giappichelli, 2023.
Bhandari, Aparajita, and Bimo, Sara, “Why’s Everyone on TikTok Now? The Algorithmized Self and the Future of Self-Making on Social Media”, Social Media +
Society, January-March, 2022, 1-11.
Bignardi, Paola; Marta, Elena, and Alfieri, Sara (eds.), Generazione Z: guardare il mondo con fiducia e speranza, Milan, Vita e pensiero, 2018.
Bilotto, Andrea; Bozzola, Ilenia, and Galante, Costanza, Genitori social ai tempi di TikTok e Onlyfans: come educare i figli ad utilizzare Internet in modo positivo, Faenza, Homeless book, 2024.
Bocchini, Ermanno, The Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence, Turin, Giappichelli, 2024.
Boffone, Trevor, Renegades: Digital Dance Cultures from Dubsmash to TikTok, New York, Oxford University Press, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197577677.001.0001
Boffone, Trevor, TikTok Cultures in the United States, Oxford, Routledge, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003280705
Bruzzone, Roberto, and Caputo, Alberto (eds.), Criminologia dei sex offender, Milan, Giuffrè Francis Lefebvre, 2019.
Bucher, Taina, “The Algorithmic Imaginary: Exploring the Ordinary Effects of Facebook Algorithms”, Information, Communication & Society, 1, 2017, 30-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154086
Calderón, Daniel, and Gómez, Miguel, Consumir, crear, jugar. Panorámica del ocio digital de la juventud, Madrid, Centro Reina Sofía sobre Adolescencia y Juventud, Fundación FAD Juventud, 2022.
Cammarota, Giuseppe, and Zuddas, Paolo (eds.), Amministrazione elettronica. Caratteri, finalità, limiti, Turin, Giappichelli, 2020.
Campi Maldonado, Alehìjandra Teresa; Torres Vargas, Richard Javier, and Herrera Flores, Ana Elizabeth, “Códigos de modernidad: industria cultural digital y la economía global de desarrollo. TikTok”, Journal of Science and Research – Revista Ciencia e Investigación, vol. 6, n.º extra 3, 2021, 257-274.
Casadei, Thomas, “La vulnerabilità delle persone di minore età: profili giusfilosofici”, in Bernardini, Maria Giulia, and Lorubbio, Vincenzo (eds.), Diritti umani e condizioni di vulnerabilità, Trento, Erickson, 2023, 45-70.
Casadei, Thomas, and Coniglione, Casimiro, “I patti educativi digitali: una possibile risposta alle sfide della rete” [online], Agenda digitale, November 13, 2023, available at: https://www.agendadigitale.eu/scuola-digitale/patti-educativi-digitali-come-abituare-i-ragazzi-a-un-uso-consapevole-dei-device/
Casadei, Thomas; Coniglione, Casimiro; Rossi, Benedetta, and Severi, Claudio, “Al via il ‘nuovo’ Parental Control System. Ma serve anche più cultura” [online], Agenda digitale, November 21, 2023, available at: https://www.agendadigitale.eu/sicurezza/privacy/minori-online-al-via-il-nuovo-parental-control-systemma-serve-anche-piu-cultura/
Casadei, Thomas, and Pietropaoli, Stefano (eds.), Diritto e tecnologie informatiche. Questioni di informatica giuridica, prospettive istituzionali e sfide sociali, 2nd ed., Milan, Kluwer, 2024.
Cassano, Giuseppe, and Previti, Stefano (eds.), Il diritto di Internet nell’era digitale, Milan, Giuffrè Francis Lefebvre, 2020.
Chen, Xu; Kaye, D. Bondy Valdovinos, and Zeng, Jing, “#PositiveEnergy Douyin: Constructing ‘Playful Patriotism’ in a Chinese Short-Video Application”, Chinese Journal of Communication, 2020, 97-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2020.1761848
Ciccia Messina, Antonio, “Servizi della società dell’informazione: protezione dei dati dei minori e accountability dei genitori”, Ciberspazio e diritto, 3, 2023, 275-289.
Colussi, Juliana; García-Estévez, Noelia, and Ballesteros-Aguayo, Lucía, “Polarización y odio en TikTok contra la Ley Trans de España”, icono 14. Revista de comunicación y tecnologías emergentes, 1, 2024, 1-20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7195/ri14.v22i1.2088
Conde del Río, Manuel Antonio, “Estructura mediática de TikTok: estudio de caso de la red social de los más jóvenes”, Revista de Ciencias de la Comunicación e Información, 26, 2021, 59-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35742/rcci.2021.26.e126
Costantino, Fulvio, “La c.d. cittadinanza digitale”, Diritto pubblico, 2023, n.º 1, 143-178.
De Ruvo, Giuseppe, Da Hegel a TikTok. Metafisica e geopolitica del capitalismo digitale, ebs Print, 2022.
Degli Esposti, Piergiorgio, Essere prosumer nella società digitale: produzione e consumo tra atomi e bit, Milan, Franco Angeli, 2015.
Faini, Fernanda, “L’amministrazione pubblica nella società tecnologica e i diritti digitali”, in Casadei, Thomas, and Pietropaoli, Stefano (eds.), Diritto e tecnologie informatiche. Questioni di informatica giuridica, prospettive istituzionali e sfide sociali, 2nd ed., Milan, Kluwer, 2024.
Faini, Fernanda, “Tecnologie informatiche, pubblica amministrazione e cittadinanza digitale”, in Cassano, Giuseppe, and Previti, Stefano (eds.), Il diritto di Internet nell’era digitale, Milan, Giuffrè Francis Lefebvre, 2020, 1103-1116.
Ferrarese, Maria Rosaria, Poteri nuovi. Privati, penetranti, opachi, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2023.
Fowler, Leah R.; Schoen, Lauren; Smith, Hadley Stevens, and Morain, Stephanie R., “Sex Education on TikTok: A Content Analysis of Themes”, Health Promotion Practice, 5, 2022, 739-742. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15248399211031536
Fuggetta, Alfonso, Cittadini ai tempi di Internet: per una cittadinanza consapevole nell’era digitale, Milan, Franco Angeli, 2018.
Gillespie, Tarleton, Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions that Shape Social Media, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300235029
Giorgi, Giulia, and Gandini, Alessandro, #iorestoacasa: un’analisi visuale del primo lockdown attraverso Instagram e TikTok, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2023.
Girardi, Eddy, TikTok: fatti sentire prima degli altri: guida strategica per creare da zero e gestire un profilo di successo, Naples, Edises, 2023.
González-Mohíno, Miguel; Cabeza Ramírez, Luis Javier, and Villar Muñoz, José, “YouTube, Twitch y TikTok en el aula: la videodifusión en redes como instrumento potenciador de competencias digitales”, in Pinilla Gómez, Raquel, and Cruz, Isleny (eds.), Estudios de innovación docente como punto de encuentro de ciencias humanísticas y sociales, Madrid, Dykinson, 2023, 1025-1043.
Gorman, Lyn, and McLean, David, Media e società nel mondo contemporaneo, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2021.
Gray, Joanne E., “The Geopolitics of ‘Platforms’: The TikTok Challenge”, Internet Policy Review, 2, 2021, 1-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14763/2021.2.1557
Guiñez, Nataly, and Mansilla, Katherine, “Booktokers: generar y compartir contenidos sobre libros a través de TikTok”, Comunicar, 30, 71, 2022.
Harkins, Gillian, Virtual Pedophilia: Sex Offender Profiling and U.S. Security Culture, Durham, London, Duke University Press, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781478009153
Herrman, John, “How TikTok is Rewriting the World” [online], New York Times, March 10, 2019, available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/10/style/ whatis-tik-tok.html
Introini, Fabio, and Pasqualini, Cristina, “Generazione Z, i ‘veri’ nativi digitali”, in Bignardi, Paola; Marta, Elena, and Alfieri, Sara (eds.), Generazione Z: guardare il mondo con fiducia e speranza, Milan, Vita e pensiero, 2018, 81-108.
Issar, Shiv, “The Social Construction of Algorithms in Everyday Life: Examining TikTok User’s Understanding of the Platform’s Algorithm”, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2023, 1-15.
Jenkins, Henry, Convergence Culture. La cultura de la convergencia de los medios de comunicación, Barcelona, Paidós, 2008.
Jensen, Klaus Bruhn, “La comunicación en contextos. Más allá de las dicotomías masa-individuo y online-offline”, in Jensen, Klaus Bruhn (ed.), La comunicación y los medios. Metodologías de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa, Mécico D.F., Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2014, 294-319.
Kadrow, Sławomir, Müller, Johannes, Habitus? The Social Dimension of Technology and Transformation, Leiden, Sidestone Press, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59641/d6356gp
Kalra, Aditya, and Varadhan, Sudarshan, Indian Court Refuses to Suspend Ban Order on Chinese App TikTok [online], Reuters, April 16, 2019, available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/tiktok-india-court-idinl3N21Y1duk
Kaye, D. Bondy Valdovinos; Chen, Xu, and Zeng, Jing, “Co-evolution of Chinese Mobile Short Video Apps: Parallel Platformization of Douyin and TikTok”, Mobile Media and Communication, 2, 2021, 229-253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157920952120
Kaye, D. Bondy Valdovinos; Zeng, Jing, and Wikström, Patrik, TikTok: Creativity and Culture in Short Video, Cambridge, UK, Polity Press, 2022.
Kennedy, Melanie, “‘If the Rise of the TikTok Dance and e-Girl Aesthetic Has Taught Us Anything, it’s that Teenage Girls Rule the Internet Right Now’: TikTok Cele brity, Girls and the Coronavirus Crisis”, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 2020, 1069-1076. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549420945341
Kerrigan, Charles (ed.), Artificial Intelligence: Law and Regulation, Cheltenham, UK - Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
Kuner, Christopher; Bygrave, Lee A., and Docksey, Christopher, The EU General Data Protection Regulation (gdpr): A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826491.001.0001
Lalli, Angelo (ed.), The Public Regulation of Digital Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Turin, Giappichelli, 2024.
Lampe, Nik M., “Teaching with TikTok in Online Sociology of Sex and Gender Courses”, Teaching Sociology, 4, 2023, 323-335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0092055X231159091
Lavagnini, Simona, “TikTok condannata: così la Direttiva Copyright rafforza la tutela del diritto d’autore” [online], in Agenda digitale, March 14, 2024, available at: https://www.agendadigitale.eu/cultura-digitale/tiktok-condannata-cosi-adirettiva-
copyright-rafforza-la-tutela-del-diritto-dautore/
Lee, Francis L. F.; Leung, Louis; Qiu, Jack Lichuan, and Chu, Donna S. C. (eds.), Frontiers in New Media Research, London - New York, Routledge, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203113417
Lee, Jin, and Abidin, Crystal (eds.), Special Issue of “TikTok and Social Movements”, Social Media + Society, 1, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231157452
Lee, Kai-Fu, AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order, New York, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018.
Li, Yachao; Guan, Mengfei; Hammond, Paige, and Berrey, Lane E., “Communicating covid-19 Information on TikTok: A Content Analysis of TikTok Videos from Official Accounts Featured in the covid-19 Information Hub”, Health Education Research, 3, 2021, 261-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyab010
Lin, Jian; Swart, Joëlle, and Zeng, Guohua, “Theorizing TikTok Cultures: Neuroimages in the Era of Short Videos”, Media, Culture & Society, 8, 2023, 1550-1567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437231202167
Lugo Sánchez, Luis Josué, “El desafío de usar TikTok como recurso tecnopolítico para narrativas auto referenciales. Hacia una propuesta desde la etnografía digital”, in Baena-Cuder, Irene; Rando Cueto, Dolores, and Otero Escudero, Sofia (ed.), Acciones y realidades ante la manipulación social: redes sociales, publicidad y marketing, Madrid, Dykinson, 2023, 1085-1107.
Lupton, Deborah, Sociologia digitale, Santoro, Marco, and Timeto, Federica (Italian eds.), Milan, Pearson, 2018.
Luque Ortiz, Sergio, “Millennials y centennials. Dos generaciones de prosumers a través de Instagram y de TikTok”, in Álvarez Chávez, Martha Patricia, Rodríguez Garay, Gloria Olivia, Husted Ramos, Silvia, (eds.), Comunicación y pluralidad en un contexto divergente, Madrid, Dykinson, 2022, 116-138.
Lynskey, Orla, “Aligning Data Protection Rights with Competition Law Remedies? The gdpr Right to Data Portability”, European Law Review, 6, 2017, 793-814.
Macías Rodríguez, Héctor Jaime, “Entre el entretenimiento y la socialización: un acercamiento a la cultura digital adolescente a través de TikTok”, Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas - RICSH, 23, 2023, 71-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23913/ricsh.v12i23.307
Mallamaci, Antonio, “TikTok e le pericolose ‘challenge’: bene il faro delle Autorità a tutela dei minori” [online], Agenda Digitale, March 24, 2023, available at: https://www.agendadigitale.eu/cultura-digitale/tiktok-e-le-pericolose-challenge-bene-il-faro-delle-autorita-a-tutela-dei-minori/
Marino, Gabriele, and Surace, Bruno (eds.), TikTok: capire le dinamiche della comunicazione ipersocial, with a contribution by M. de Baggis, Milan, Hoepli, 2022.
Martoni, Michele, “Sistemi di age verification. Una prima esplorazione tra salvaguardia dell’interesse prioritario del minore e protezione dei dati personali”, Ciberspazio e diritto, 3, 2023, 307-322.
Nieborg, David B., and Poell, Thomas, “The Platformization of Cultural Production: Theorizing the Contingent Cultural Commodity”, New Media & Society, 11, 2018, 4275-4292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769694
Nieto Sandoval, Alejandra G., and Ferré Pavia, Carmen, “TikTok y cambio climático: comunicar sin fuentes ni soluciones”, Revista de Comunicación, 1, 2023, 309-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26441/RC22.1-2023-2994
Otto, Isabell, TikTok. Digitale Bildkulturen, Berlin - Wilmersdorf, Verlag Klaus Wagenbach, 2023.
Pacelli, Donatella, and Rumi, Camilla (eds.), Guardare oltre il media system: formazione, diritti e tutela dei minori, Rome, Armando, 2021.
Pahm, Sherisse, “How a Chinese Social Media App Made it Big in the U.S.” [online], November 17, 2016, available at: https://money.cnn.com/2016/11/16/technology/musically-success-china-shangai-baby-ariel/
Pajno, Alesandro; Donati, Filippo, and Perrucci, Antonio (eds.), Artificial Intelligence and Law: A Revolution?, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2022.
Panigrahi, Subashish; Yshoda Manve, Vishal, and D’Aloisi, Chiara, “L’India vieta l’app TikTok perché ‘degrada la cultura e incoraggia la pornografia’” [online], GlobalVoices, available at: https://it.globalvoices.org/2019/05/lindia-vietalapp-tiktok-perche-degrada-la-cultura-e-incoraggia-la-pornografia/
Papacharissi, Zizi (ed.), A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites, London - New York, Routledge, 2011.
Pascuzzi, Giovanni, La cittadinanza digitale: competenze, diritti e regole per vivere in rete, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2021.
Pietrangelo, Marina, “Cittadinanza digitale e diritto all’uso delle tecnologie”, in Cammarota, Giuseppe, and Zuddas, Paolo (eds.), Amministrazione elettronica. Caratteri, finalità, limiti, Turin, Giappichelli, 2020, 15 ss.
Pluta, Magdalena, and Siuda, Piotr, “Educating Cancer on TikTok: Expanding Online Self-Disclosure of Cancer Patients”, Social Media + Society, July-September, 2024, 1-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051241274673
Rettberg, Jill Walker, Seeing Ourselves through Technology: How We Use Selfies, Blogs and Wearable Devices to See and Shape Ourselves, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137476661
Ridley, Kirstin, “TikTok Faces Claim for Billions in London Child Privacy Lawsuit” [online], Reuter, April 21, 2021, available at: https://www.reuters.com/technology/tiktok-faces-claim-billions-london-child-privacy-lawsuit-2021-04-20
Ruckenstein, Minna, and Turunen, Linda Lisa Maria, “Re-humanizing the Platform: Content Moderators and the Logic of Care”, New Media & Society, 226, 2020, 1026-1042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819875990
Sarwatay, Devina; Lee, Jin, and Kaye, D. Bondy Valdovinos, “Exploring Children’s TikTok Cultures in India: Negotiating Access, Uses, and Experiences under Restrictive Parental Mediation”, Media International Australia, 1, 2023, 48-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X221127037
Scagliarini, Simone, “I diritti costituzionali nell’era di internet: cittadinanza digitale, accesso alla rete e net neutrality”, in Casadei, Thomas, Pietropaoli, Stefano (eds.), Diritto e tecnologie informatiche. Questioni di informatica giuridica, prospettive istituzionali e sfide sociali, 2nd ed., Milan, Kluwer, 2024, 3-15.
Schellewald, Andreas, “Communicative Forms on TikTok: Perspectives from Digital Ethnography”, International Journal of Communication, 15, 2021, 1437-1457.
Scolari, Carlos A., “Más allá de TikTok: el ecosistema de las plataformas en China” [online], Hipermediaciones, July 11, 2020, available at: https://hipermediaciones.com/2020/07/11/ecosistema-plataformas-china
Senigallia, Roberto, “L’identità personale del minore di età nel cyberspazio tra autodeterminazione e parental control system”, Le nuove leggi civili commentate, 6, 2023, 1568-1602.
Shutsko, Aliaksandra, “User-Generated Short Video Content In Social Media. A Case Study of TikTok”, in Meiselwitz, Gabriele (ed.), Social Computing and Social Media. Participation, User Experience, Consumer Experience, and Applications of Social Computing, Cham, Springer, 2020, 108-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49576-3_8
Sidorenko Bautista, Pavel; Herranz de la Casa, José María, and Moya Ruiz, Alba Soledad, “Análisis de la comunicación de empresas europeas y norteamericanas en TikTok”, AdResearchESIC. Revista Internacional de Investigación en Comunicación, 25, 2021, 106-123. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7263/adresic-025-06
Soda, Giovanni, “Review to ‘Da Hegel a TikTok’ by Giuseppe De Ruvo” [online], Pandora, April 24, 2023, available at: https://www.pandorarivista.it/articoli/dahegel-a-tiktok-di-giuseppe-de-ruvo/
Southerton, Clare, “Lip-syncing and Saving Lives: Healthcare Workers on TikTok”, International Journal of Communication, 15, 2021, 3248-3268.
Stella, Renato; Riva, Claudio; Scarcelli, Cosimo Marco, and Drusian, Michela, Sociologia dei new media, Novara, De Agostini, 2021.
Tartaro, Alessio, “Regulating by Standards: Current Progress and Main Challenges in the Standardization of Artificial Intelligence in Support of the AI Act”, European Journal of Privacy Law and Technologies, 1, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.57230/ejplt222AT
Thumim, Nancy, Self-representation and Digital Culture, Dordrecht, Springer, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137265135
Tobeña, Verónica, “Pensar el futuro de la escuela desde comunidades de prácticas. Claves desde TikTok”, Dilemata, 33, 2020, 221-233.
Torres, Àngel-Torres; De-Santis, Andrea, and Vintimilla-León, Diego (coords.), Más allá de la hipermedialidad, Quito, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana – Editorial Abya-Yala, 2021.
Van Dijck, José; Poell, Thomas, and De Waal, Martijn, The Platform Society: Public Values in a Connective World, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190889760.001.0001
Villena, Eduardo; Fernández, María Jesús, and Cristófol, Carmen, “La comunicación de las empresas de moda en TikTok: ASOS como caso de estudio”, Redmarka. Revista de Marketing Aplicado, 2, 2020, 95-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17979/redma.2020.24.2.7071
West, Sarah Myers, “Censored, Suspended, Shadowbanned: User Interpretations of Content Moderation on Social Media Platforms”, New Media & Society, 11, 2018, 4366-4383. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818773059
Worb, Jessica, “How Does The TikTok Algorithm Work? (+10 Hacks to Go Viral)” [online], Later Blog, 2020, available at: https://later.com/blog/tiktok-algorithm [visited: September 21, 2024].
Xu, Li; Yan, Xiaohui, and Zhang, Zhengwu, “Research on the Causes of the ‘TikTok’ App Becoming Popular and the Existing Problems”, Journal of Advanced Management Science, 2, 2019, 59-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18178/joams.7.2.59-63
Yélamos Guerra, María Salomé, García Gámez, María, and Moreno Ortiz, Antonio, “The Use of TikTok in Higher Education as a Motivating Source for Students”, Porta Linguarum. Revista Internacional de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras, 38, 2022, 83-98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30827/portalin.vi38.21684
Zeng, Jing; Abidin, Crystal, and Schaffer, Mike S., “Research Perspectives on TikTok and its Legacy Apps”, International Journal of Communication, 15, 2021, 3151-3162.
Zeng, Jing, and Kaye, D. Bondy Valdovinos, “From Content Moderation to Visibility Moderation: A Case Study of Platform Governance on TikTok”, Policy & Internet, 14, 2022, 79-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.287
Zhang, Zongyi, “Infrastructuralization of TikTok: Transformation, Power Relationships, and Platformization of Video Entertainment in China”, Media, Culture & Society, 2, 2020, 219-236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720939452
Zulli, Diana, and Zulli, David James, “Extending the Internet Meme: Conceptualizing Technological Mimesis and Imitation Publics on the Tiktok Platform”, New Media & Society, 24, 8, 2022, 1872-1890. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820983603
Decision of the Irish Data Protection Commission, September 1, 2023 [online], available at: https://www.edpb.europa.eu/system/files/2023-09/final_decision_tiktok_in-21-9-1_-_redacted_8_september_2023.pdf
Landgericht München I, Urteil vom 09.02.2024, Aktenzeichen 42 O 10792/22 [online], available at: https://openjur.de/u/2481878.html
Measure No. 31124 of the Italian Competition Authority, Meeting of March 5, 2024 [online], available at: https://www.agcm.it/dotcmsCustom/tc/2029/3/getDominoAttach?urlStr=81.126.91.44:8080/C12560D000291394/0/4BC8AC6981D58F9FC1258AE4003717FB/$File/p31124.pdf
Regulation (EU) 2024/2689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 (AI Act) [online], available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/txt/pdf/?uri=OJ:L_202401689
Resolution No. 298/23/Cons, “Regulation Implementing Article 41(9) of Legislative Decree No. 208 of 8 November 2021 Concerning Programmes, User-Generated Videos or Audiovisual Commercial Communications Directed at the Public Italian Audience and Conveyed by a Platform for Video-Sharing Platform whose Provider is Established in Other Member State” [online], available at: https://www.telefoniatech.it/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Delibera-298-23-cons.pdf
AGCM – Italian Competition Authority: https://www.agcm.it/ [last visited: September 20, 2024].
AGCOM – Italian Regulatory Authority for Communications: https://www.agcom.it/ [visited: September 20, 2024].
Atevenio, Por qué TikTok está cambiando las redes sociales, 24/07/2020: https://www.antevenio.com/blog/2020/07/razones-del-exito-de-tik-tok/ [last visited: September 20, 2024].
Benessere Digitale: https://www.benesseredigitale.eu/
Garante per la Protezione dei Dati personali: https://www.garanteprivacy.it/ [last visited: September 20, 2024].
TikTok Cultures Research Networks: https://tiktokcultures.com/ [last visited: September, 20, 2024].
Website Rating: https://www.websiterating.com/it/blog/research/tiktok-statistics/[last visited: September 20, 2024].