¿Pueden los barrios populares contribuir a una estrategia turística y de marca de ciudad?
CAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PLAY A ROLE IN A TOURISM AND BRANDING STRATEGY?1
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Hernández García, J. 2012. ¿Pueden los barrios populares contribuir a una estrategia turística y de marca de ciudad?. Turismo y Sociedad. 13, (nov. 2012), 85–97.
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Nov 20, 2012
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Los barrios populares son áreas mayoritarias en Colombia y en América Latina, que exhiben dinámicas urbanas, sociales y culturales particulares. Sin importar su tamaño ni su impacto, estos asentamientos han sido tradicionalmente ignorados en cuanto a su contribución a la ciudad y a cualquier estrategia turística y de marca de ciudad. Comúnmente se piensa que estas áreas no ofrecen nada más que pobreza y problemas. Sin embargo, existe investigación que muestra sus potencialidades, más allá de aquellas percepciones tradicionales y marginales; y se cree que pueden contribuir activamente al desarrollo turístico y de marca de ciudad en América Latina. Desde una exploración conceptual sobre urbanización informal y marca de ciudad, confrontada empíricamente en barrios populares de Bogotá, este artículo discute críticamente la contribución que estos asentamientos pueden hacer a una estrategia de turismo y de marca de ciudad más justa, real y auténtica.
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Referencias (VER)
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Alsayyad, N. (2004). "Urban Informailty as a 'New' Way of Life", en Roy, A. & Alsayyad, N. (eds.). Urban informality: transnational perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto and Oxford: Lexington Books.
Andersson, M. & EKman, P. (2009). "Ambassador Networks and Place Branding", en Journal of Place Management and Development, 2, 41-51.
Anholt, S. (1999). "Branding the Developing World", en Impact, Fall, 1-22.
Anholt, S. (2010). Places. Identity, Image and Reputation. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Ash Worth, G. & Voogd, H. (1990). Selling the City: Marketing Approaches in Public Sector Urban Planning. London: Belhaven Press.
Berenstein Jacques, P. (2001). "The Aesthetics of the Favela: the Case of an Extreme" en Fiori, J. & Hinsley, H. (eds.). Transforming Cities: Design in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro. London: AA Publications.
Brillembourg, A. & Klumpner, H. (2010)."Roles of Engagement: Caracas and the Informal City", en Hernández, F.; Kellett, P. & Allen, L. (eds.). Rethinking the Informal City: Critical Perspectives from Latin America. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Brillembourg, A.; Feireiss, K. & Klumpner, H. (2005). Informal city: Caracas case. Munich, London: Prestel.
Carvajalino, H. (2004). "Estética de lo popular: los engalles de la casa", en Serie Ciudad y Habitat.
Dyson, P. (2012). "Slum Tourism: Representing and Interpreting "Reality" in Dharavi, Mumbai", en Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism, Space, Place and Environment. 14, 2, 254-274.
Fiori, J. & Brandao, Z. (2010). "Spatial Strategies and Urban Policy: Urbanism and Poverty Reduction in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro", en Hernández, F.; Kellett, P. & Allen, L. (eds.) Rethinking the Informal City: Critical Perspectives from Latin America. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Freire Medeiros, B. (2009). "The Favela and its Touristic Transists", en Geoforum, 40, 580-588.
Frenzel, F. y Koens, K. (2012). "Slum Tourism: Developments in a Young Field of Interdisciplinary Tourism Research", en Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism, Space, Place and Environment. 14, 2,195-212.
García Canclini, N. (1989). Culturas Híbridas, México, D.F.: Editorial Grijalbo.
HanKinson, G. (2001). "Location Branding: A Study of the Branding Practices of 12 English Cities", en Journal of Brand Management, 9, 127-142.
Harvey, D. (1996). "Social Process and Spatial Form", en Jewson, N. & Macgregor, S. (Eds.). Transforming Cities: Contested Governance and New Spatial Divisions. London: Routledge.
Hataya, N. (2007). "The Illusion of Community Participation: Experience in the Irregular Settlements of Bogotá", en Department of Geography. London: University College London.
Hernández Bonilla, M. (2004). "Transforming Public Spaces in Mexico: The Case of Colonias Populares in Xalapa", en School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape. Newcastle Upon Tyne: University of Newcastle Upon Tyne.
Hernández García, J. (2009). "Production, Use and Language of Open Spaces in Popular Settlements, Two Case Studies from Bogotá", en Forum E journal, 9, 31-48.
Hernández García, J. (2010). El Parque de Mi Barrio: Production and Consumption of Open Spaces in Popular Settlements in Bogotá. Newcastle Upon Tyne: University of Newcastle Upon Tyne.
HolloWay, L. & Hubbard, P. (2001). People and Place: the Extraordinary Geographies of Everyday Life. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Kavaratzis, M. (2004). "From City Marketing to City Branding: Towards a Theoretical Framework for Developing City Brands", en Place Branding, 1, 58-73.
Kavaratzis, M. & AshWorth, G. (2005). "City Branding: An Effective Assertion of Identity or a Transitory Marketing Trick?", en Tijdschrift voor Economishe en Sociale Geografie, 96, 506-514.
Keegan, W. & Green, M. (2008). Global Marketing. London: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Kellett, P. (2002) "The Construction of Home in the Informal City", en Journal of Romance Studies, 2, 17-31.
Kellett, P. (2005). "The Construction of Home in the Informal City", en Hernández, F.; Millington, M. & Borden, I. (eds.). Transculturation: Cities, Spaces and Architectures in Latin America. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
Kellett, P. (2008). "Constructive Journeys: Dwelling Consolidation and Social Practices in a Squatter Settlement", en Department of Anthropology. Durham, University of Durham.
Kellett, P. & Napier, M. (1995). "Squatter Architecture? A Critical Examination of Vernacular Theory and Spontaneus Settlement with Reference to South America and South Africa", en Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, VI, 7-24.
Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell.
Low, S. M. (1996). "Spatializing Culture: The Social Production and Social Construction of Public Space in Costa Rica", en American Ethnologist, 23, 861-879.
Madanipour, A. (2003). Public and private spaces of the city. London, New York: Routledge.
Martin Molano, J. D. D. (2000). Formación y consolidación de la ciudad espontanea en Santafé de Bogotá: el caso de Altos de la Estancia en Ciudad Bolívar. Bogotá: CIDER (Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios regionales), Universidad de Los Andes.
MerriField, A. (1993). "Place and Space: A Lefebvrian Reconciliation", en Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 18, 516-531.
Miles, M. (2000). The Uses of Decoration. Essays in the Architecture Everyday. Chichester: Wiley.
Murray, C. (2001). Making Sense of Place: New Approaches to Place Marketing, Leicester: Comedia.
Oliver, P. (2006). Built to Meet Needs: Cultural Issues in Vernacular Architecure, Oxford: Elselvier.
Ooi, C. (2010). Branding Cities, Changing Societies. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School.
Rapoport, A. (1988). "Spontaneous Settlements as Vernacular Design", en Patton, C. V. (ed.) Spontaneous Shelter: International Perspectives and prospects. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Rojas, E. & guerrero, M. (1997). "La calle del barrio popular: fragmento de una ciudad fragmentada", en Barrio Taller. Serie Ciudad y Habitat, 4, 1-40.
Trueman, M.; Klemm, M. & Giroud, A. (2004). "Can a City Communicate? Bradford as a Corporate Brand", en Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 9, 317-330.
Alsayyad, N. (1993). "Informal Housing in a Comparative Perspective. On Squatting, Culture, and Development in a Latin American and a Middle Eastern Context", en Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies, 5, 4-15.
Alsayyad, N. (2004). "Urban Informailty as a 'New' Way of Life", en Roy, A. & Alsayyad, N. (eds.). Urban informality: transnational perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Lanham, Boulder, New York, Toronto and Oxford: Lexington Books.
Andersson, M. & EKman, P. (2009). "Ambassador Networks and Place Branding", en Journal of Place Management and Development, 2, 41-51.
Anholt, S. (1999). "Branding the Developing World", en Impact, Fall, 1-22.
Anholt, S. (2010). Places. Identity, Image and Reputation. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Ash Worth, G. & Voogd, H. (1990). Selling the City: Marketing Approaches in Public Sector Urban Planning. London: Belhaven Press.
Berenstein Jacques, P. (2001). "The Aesthetics of the Favela: the Case of an Extreme" en Fiori, J. & Hinsley, H. (eds.). Transforming Cities: Design in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro. London: AA Publications.
Brillembourg, A. & Klumpner, H. (2010)."Roles of Engagement: Caracas and the Informal City", en Hernández, F.; Kellett, P. & Allen, L. (eds.). Rethinking the Informal City: Critical Perspectives from Latin America. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Brillembourg, A.; Feireiss, K. & Klumpner, H. (2005). Informal city: Caracas case. Munich, London: Prestel.
Carvajalino, H. (2004). "Estética de lo popular: los engalles de la casa", en Serie Ciudad y Habitat.
Dyson, P. (2012). "Slum Tourism: Representing and Interpreting "Reality" in Dharavi, Mumbai", en Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism, Space, Place and Environment. 14, 2, 254-274.
Fiori, J. & Brandao, Z. (2010). "Spatial Strategies and Urban Policy: Urbanism and Poverty Reduction in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro", en Hernández, F.; Kellett, P. & Allen, L. (eds.) Rethinking the Informal City: Critical Perspectives from Latin America. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Freire Medeiros, B. (2009). "The Favela and its Touristic Transists", en Geoforum, 40, 580-588.
Frenzel, F. y Koens, K. (2012). "Slum Tourism: Developments in a Young Field of Interdisciplinary Tourism Research", en Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism, Space, Place and Environment. 14, 2,195-212.
García Canclini, N. (1989). Culturas Híbridas, México, D.F.: Editorial Grijalbo.
HanKinson, G. (2001). "Location Branding: A Study of the Branding Practices of 12 English Cities", en Journal of Brand Management, 9, 127-142.
Harvey, D. (1996). "Social Process and Spatial Form", en Jewson, N. & Macgregor, S. (Eds.). Transforming Cities: Contested Governance and New Spatial Divisions. London: Routledge.
Hataya, N. (2007). "The Illusion of Community Participation: Experience in the Irregular Settlements of Bogotá", en Department of Geography. London: University College London.
Hernández Bonilla, M. (2004). "Transforming Public Spaces in Mexico: The Case of Colonias Populares in Xalapa", en School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape. Newcastle Upon Tyne: University of Newcastle Upon Tyne.
Hernández García, J. (2009). "Production, Use and Language of Open Spaces in Popular Settlements, Two Case Studies from Bogotá", en Forum E journal, 9, 31-48.
Hernández García, J. (2010). El Parque de Mi Barrio: Production and Consumption of Open Spaces in Popular Settlements in Bogotá. Newcastle Upon Tyne: University of Newcastle Upon Tyne.
HolloWay, L. & Hubbard, P. (2001). People and Place: the Extraordinary Geographies of Everyday Life. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Kavaratzis, M. (2004). "From City Marketing to City Branding: Towards a Theoretical Framework for Developing City Brands", en Place Branding, 1, 58-73.
Kavaratzis, M. & AshWorth, G. (2005). "City Branding: An Effective Assertion of Identity or a Transitory Marketing Trick?", en Tijdschrift voor Economishe en Sociale Geografie, 96, 506-514.
Keegan, W. & Green, M. (2008). Global Marketing. London: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Kellett, P. (2002) "The Construction of Home in the Informal City", en Journal of Romance Studies, 2, 17-31.
Kellett, P. (2005). "The Construction of Home in the Informal City", en Hernández, F.; Millington, M. & Borden, I. (eds.). Transculturation: Cities, Spaces and Architectures in Latin America. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
Kellett, P. (2008). "Constructive Journeys: Dwelling Consolidation and Social Practices in a Squatter Settlement", en Department of Anthropology. Durham, University of Durham.
Kellett, P. & Napier, M. (1995). "Squatter Architecture? A Critical Examination of Vernacular Theory and Spontaneus Settlement with Reference to South America and South Africa", en Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, VI, 7-24.
Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell.
Low, S. M. (1996). "Spatializing Culture: The Social Production and Social Construction of Public Space in Costa Rica", en American Ethnologist, 23, 861-879.
Madanipour, A. (2003). Public and private spaces of the city. London, New York: Routledge.
Martin Molano, J. D. D. (2000). Formación y consolidación de la ciudad espontanea en Santafé de Bogotá: el caso de Altos de la Estancia en Ciudad Bolívar. Bogotá: CIDER (Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios regionales), Universidad de Los Andes.
MerriField, A. (1993). "Place and Space: A Lefebvrian Reconciliation", en Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, 18, 516-531.
Miles, M. (2000). The Uses of Decoration. Essays in the Architecture Everyday. Chichester: Wiley.
Murray, C. (2001). Making Sense of Place: New Approaches to Place Marketing, Leicester: Comedia.
Oliver, P. (2006). Built to Meet Needs: Cultural Issues in Vernacular Architecure, Oxford: Elselvier.
Ooi, C. (2010). Branding Cities, Changing Societies. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School.
Rapoport, A. (1988). "Spontaneous Settlements as Vernacular Design", en Patton, C. V. (ed.) Spontaneous Shelter: International Perspectives and prospects. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Rojas, E. & guerrero, M. (1997). "La calle del barrio popular: fragmento de una ciudad fragmentada", en Barrio Taller. Serie Ciudad y Habitat, 4, 1-40.
Trueman, M.; Klemm, M. & Giroud, A. (2004). "Can a City Communicate? Bradford as a Corporate Brand", en Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 9, 317-330.